Urbanization
Charting the Last 20 Years of Supertall Skyscrapers
Charting the Last 20 Years of Supertall Skyscrapers
At the end of the 20th century, supertall skyscrapers—buildings exceeding 300 meters in height—were still somewhat of a novelty in the world.
Only 24 supertall skyscrapers existed at that time, with half of them located in U.S. cities. That list included iconic structures such as the Empire State Building and Willis Tower, as well as newer landmarks like Atlanta’s Bank of America Plaza.
According to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) database, the following buildings comprised the world’s full roster of supertall skyscrapers in 1999:
Building Name | City | Height (m) | Height (ft) | Completion |
---|---|---|---|---|
One World Trade Center | New York City 🇺🇸 | 417 | 1,368 | 1972 |
Two World Trade Center | New York City 🇺🇸 | 415 | 1,362 | 1973 |
Petronas Twin Tower 1 | Kuala Lumpur 🇲🇾 | 452 | 1,483 | 1998 |
Petronas Twin Tower 2 | Kuala Lumpur 🇲🇾 | 452 | 1,483 | 1998 |
Willis Tower | Chicago 🇺🇸 | 442 | 1,451 | 1974 |
Jin Mao Tower | Shanghai 🇨🇳 | 421 | 1,380 | 1999 |
CITIC Plaza | Guangzhou 🇨🇳 | 390 | 1,280 | 1996 |
Shun Hing Square | Shenzhen 🇨🇳 | 384 | 1,260 | 1996 |
Empire State Building | New York City 🇺🇸 | 381 | 1,250 | 1931 |
Central Plaza | Hong Kong 🇭🇰 | 374 | 1,227 | 1992 |
Bank of China Tower | Hong Kong 🇭🇰 | 367 | 1,205 | 1990 |
85 Sky Tower | Kaohsiung 🇨🇳 | 348 | 1,140 | 1997 |
Aon Center | Chicago 🇺🇸 | 346 | 1,136 | 1973 |
The Center | Hong Kong 🇭🇰 | 346 | 1,135 | 1998 |
875 North Michigan Avenue | Chicago 🇺🇸 | 344 | 1,128 | 1969 |
Burj Al Arab | Dubai 🇦🇪 | 321 | 1,053 | 1999 |
Chrysler Building | New York City 🇺🇸 | 319 | 1,046 | 1930 |
Bank of America Plaza | Atlanta 🇺🇸 | 312 | 1,023 | 1992 |
U.S. Bank Tower | Los Angeles 🇺🇸 | 310 | 1,018 | 1990 |
The Franklin - North Tower | Chicago 🇺🇸 | 307 | 1,007 | 1989 |
JPMorgan Chase Tower | Houston 🇺🇸 | 305 | 1,002 | 1982 |
Baiyoke Tower II | Bangkok 🇹🇭 | 304 | 997 | 1997 |
Two Prudential Plaza | Chicago 🇺🇸 | 303 | 995 | 1990 |
Wells Fargo Plaza | Houston 🇺🇸 | 302 | 992 | 1983 |
With the exception of the original World Trade Center towers in New York, all these iconic structures are still standing. Of course, there is now a much bigger cohort of skyscrapers sharing the skyline with them today.
20 Years of Supertall Skyscraper Construction
In the 21st century, at least one supertall skyscraper has been completed every year. In 2019 alone, the world built more of these incredible structures than the total that existed in 1999.
Here are the 20 tallest skyscrapers completed in the past 20 years:
Building Name | City | Height (m) | Height (ft) | Completion |
---|---|---|---|---|
Burj Khalifa | Dubai 🇦🇪 | 828 | 2,717 | 2010 |
Shanghai Tower | Shanghai 🇨🇳 | 632 | 2,073 | 2015 |
Makkah Royal Clock Tower | Mecca 🇸🇦 | 601 | 1,972 | 2012 |
Ping An Finance Center | Shenzhen 🇨🇳 | 599 | 1,965 | 2017 |
Lotte World Tower | Seoul 🇰🇷 | 555 | 1,819 | 2017 |
One World Trade Center | New York City 🇺🇸 | 541 | 1,776 | 2014 |
Guangzhou CTF Finance Centre | Guangzhou 🇨🇳 | 530 | 1,739 | 2016 |
Tianjin CTF Finance Centre | Tianjin 🇨🇳 | 530 | 1,739 | 2019 |
CITIC Tower | Beijing 🇨🇳 | 528 | 1,731 | 2018 |
TAIPEI 101 | Taipei 🇹🇼 | 508 | 1,667 | 2004 |
Shanghai World Financial Center | Shanghai 🇨🇳 | 492 | 1,614 | 2008 |
International Commerce Centre | Hong Kong 🇭🇰 | 484 | 1,588 | 2010 |
Lakhta Center | St. Petersburg 🇷🇺 | 462 | 1,516 | 2019 |
Vincom Landmark 81 | Ho Chi Minh City 🇻🇳 | 461 | 1,513 | 2018 |
Changsha IFS Tower T1 | Changsha 🇨🇳 | 452 | 1,483 | 2018 |
Suzhou IFS | Suzhou 🇨🇳 | 450 | 1,476 | 2019 |
Zifeng Tower | Nanjing 🇨🇳 | 450 | 1,476 | 2010 |
The Exchange 106 | Kuala Lumpur 🇲🇾 | 445 | 1,460 | 2019 |
KK100 | Shenzhen 🇨🇳 | 442 | 1,449 | 2011 |
Guangzhou International Finance Center | Guangzhou 🇨🇳 | 439 | 1,439 | 2010 |
With activity that reflects the country’s meteoric economic rise, China is an obvious point of focus in the skyscraper conversation. The world’s most populous nation been on a remarkable building tear in recent years, with activity spread throughout the country. No fewer than 30 Chinese cities added supertall skyscrapers to their skylines in the past two decades.
Vertical construction in the United States has been primarily focused in one of the original skyscraper hubs, New York City. In the long, storied history of skyscraper construction in New York City, it’s interesting to note that 8 of its 10 tallest buildings were built in the past 15 years.
Of course, no conversation about skyscrapers is complete without mentioning Dubai. No city on Earth can match the sheer magnitude of supertall skyscraper construction there—a remarkable feat considering the UAE’s size compared to the other two leaders, China and the United States. Over that past 20 years, Dubai added 23 supertall skyscrapers to its skyline, including four that are taller than the Empire State Building. Remarkably, there are another ten buildings under construction today that surpass the 300 meter mark.
What the Future Holds
The process from conceiving to completing supertall skyscrapers can take many years—especially as these ambitious structures reach higher into the sky. For example, the Ping An Finance Center in Shenzhen was first proposed in 2008, but not completed until 2017.
This multi-year process means that the pipeline of upcoming skyscrapers is very predictable. According to CTBUH, there are currently 132 supertall skyscrapers in various phases of construction around the world right now. That’s more than five times the number of existing supertall structures that existed at the dawn of the new millennium. This includes the Jeddah Tower in Saudi Arabia, which will be the first skyscraper to hit the one kilometer mark – shattering the record height set by the Burj Khalifa.
Over the next 20 years, as economic fortunes shift and architectural innovations advance, it remains to be seen what heights future skyscrapers will reach.
Maps
Ranked: The World’s Largest Cities By Population
This graphic uses data taken from latest official censuses and projections to rank the largest cities by population.

Ranked: The World’s Largest Cities By Population
The world has experienced rapid urbanization over the last century.
Today, more than 4.3 billion people live in urban settings, or 55% of the world’s population.
But what is the world’s largest city? Answers to that question will vary greatly depending on which lines are being used to demarcate city boundaries and measure their populations.
The graphic above uses data taken from the latest official censuses and projections to rank the top cities based on the three most common metrics.
The Largest Cities by City Proper
Our first metric is based on the city proper, meaning the administrative boundaries.
According to the United Nations, a city proper is “the single political jurisdiction which contains the historical city center.”
The Chinese city of Chongqing leads the ranks by this metric and has an administrative boundary the size of Austria, with an urban population of 32.1 million.
The city’s monorail system holds records for being the world’s longest and busiest, boasting 70 stations. Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport, is among the world’s top 50 busiest airports. Additionally, the city ranks among the globe’s top 50 hubs for scientific research.
Other Chinese cities dominate the ranking by this metric:
Rank | City | Population (Million) |
---|---|---|
#1 | 🇨🇳 Chongqing | 32.1m |
#2 | 🇨🇳 Shanghai | 24.9m |
#3 | 🇨🇳 Beijing | 21.9m |
#4 | 🇮🇳 Delhi | 16.8m |
#5 | 🇨🇳 Chengdu | 16.0m |
#6 | 🇹🇷 Istanbul | 15.5m |
#7 | 🇵🇰 Karachi | 14.9m |
#8 | 🇨🇳 Guangzhou | 14.5m |
#9 | 🇨🇳 Tianjin | 13.9m |
#10 | 🇯🇵 Tokyo | 13.5m |
The first non-Chinese city, Delhi, has been experiencing one of the fastest urban expansions in the world.
The United Nations projects India will add over 400 million urban dwellers by 2050, compared to 250 million people in China and 190 million in Nigeria.
The Largest Cities by Urban Area
This measurement largely ignores territorial boundaries and considers a city a contiguous, connected built-up area.
Demographia describes urban areas as functioning as an integrated economic unit, linked by commuting flows, social, and economic interactions.
By this metric, Tokyo leads the ranking:
Rank | City | Population (Million) |
---|---|---|
#1 | 🇯🇵 Tokyo | 37.7m |
#2 | 🇮🇩 Jakarta | 33.8m |
#3 | 🇮🇳 Delhi | 32.2m |
#4 | 🇨🇳 Guangzhou | 26.9m |
#5 | 🇮🇳 Mumbai | 25.0m |
#6 | 🇵🇭 Manila | 24.9m |
#7 | 🇨🇳 Shanghai | 24.1m |
#8 | 🇧🇷 Sao Paulo | 23.1m |
#9 | 🇰🇷 Seoul | 23.0m |
#10 | 🇲🇽 Mexico City | 21.8m |
The city proper houses about 10% of Japan’s population. If the greater Tokyo metro area is considered, including cities like Kanagawa, Saitama, and Chiba, then Tokyo’s total population surpasses 37 million—about 30% of the country total.
Consequently, even with one of the world’s largest railway systems, trains in Tokyo are incredibly crowded, with a boarding rate of 200% during peak time in the most overcrowded areas. The city is also famous for its Shibuya Crossing, the busiest intersection on the planet.
The Largest Cities by Metropolitan Area
Tokyo also leads by our final metric, metropolitan area.
This measurement is similar to urban area, but is generally defined by official organizations, either for statistical purposes or governance.
In the United States, this takes the form of metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), such as Chicago-Naperville-Elgin or Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler.
Rank | City | Population (Million) |
---|---|---|
#1 | 🇯🇵 Tokyo | 37.3m |
#2 | 🇮🇩 Jakarta | 33.4m |
#3 | 🇮🇳 Delhi | 29.0m |
#4 | 🇰🇷 Seoul | 25.5m |
#5 | 🇮🇳 Mumbai | 24.4m |
#6 | 🇲🇽 Mexico City | 21.8m |
#7 | 🇧🇷 Sao Paulo | 21.7m |
#8 | 🇳🇬 Lagos | 21.0m |
#9 | 🇺🇸 New York | 20.1m |
#10 | 🇷🇺 Moscow | 20.0m |
As the global urban population continues to rise, new cities, especially in Africa and Asia, are expected to vie for the “largest” tag soon.
The UN projects that by 2050, 68% of the world will live in urban areas.
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