Water
Mapping the World’s River Basins by Continent
There are hundreds of rivers on Earth’s surface, moving freshwater from hills and mountains down to larger rivers, lakes, and oceans.
Thanks to the planet’s natural slopes and ridges, falling rain that isn’t absorbed by soil or evaporated also ends up in nearby rivers. This area—where all flowing surface water converges—is called a river basin, drainage basin, or watershed.
These maps by Adam Symington show the world’s many rivers and major river basins, using the HydroSHEDS database and broken down by continent.
Mapping River Basins By Continent
The Americas
North and Central America have many different river basins, but a few major rivers stand out.
To the North, Canada’s Mackenzie River runs from British Columbia through the Northwest Territories and ending up at the Arctic Ocean.
Of course, the Mississippi River and the Missouri River which flows into it both stand out as well, draining water from much of the U.S. to the Gulf of Mexico.
A few rivers and basins also start in the U.S. and end up in Mexico, including the Rio Grande from Colorado to Tamaulipas. Further south in Central America and the Caribbean, most of the basins don’t have major rivers and empty into the nearby oceans.
It’s well-known that the Amazon River is the largest river in the world by volume and the second largest by length.
Likewise, its reach and impact can be seen in these maps. The Amazon basin is the largest river basin in the world with an area of 6,300,000 km², covering just over one-third of the entire South American continent.
That is almost double the sizable Río de la Plata basin, the 5th largest river basin in the world, which includes the Uruguay River and the Paraná River and meets at the border between Uruguay and Argentina.
Europe and Africa
Despite being the second smallest continent, Europe’s proximity to many different bodies of water and great variation of terrain in small areas gives it many different drainage basins.
But a few notable rivers stand out in Central and Eastern Europe. The Danube, a historically important trade route and once a frontier of the Roman Empire, originates in Germany and flows eastwards to the Black Sea, passing through 10 total countries.
The longest river in Europe, the Volga in Russia, is also the cornerstone of the continent’s largest river basin, draining into the Caspian Sea. Its tributaries include the Moskva which runs through Moscow in Western Russia before flowing eastwards.
One of Africa’s most notable features is the lack of drainage in the Sahara Desert. But the continent also has a few clear major river systems, including two of the world’s largest rivers.
In the northeast, the Nile River is the world’s longest river, flowing from Lake Victoria and Lake Tana in the south to Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea. In total, its basin covers 11 countries.
In Central Africa, the Congo River (formerly the Zaire River) is the second largest river in the world by volume. It also is central to the Congo Basin, the second largest river basin with an area of 4,014,500 km².
And in West Africa, the Niger River creates a crescent shaped basin from the Guinea Highlands, northeast to Mali, then southwest through Niger and Nigeria. It ends in the massive (and massively important and populated) Niger Delta.
Asia and Oceania
The world’s largest continent also has one of the largest varieties of river basins. From large sweeping basins in North Asia, to deserts in mountainous Central Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, to the multitude of basins draining into the Indian Ocean.
One of the major standouts is the Yangtze in China, the world’s third-longest river and largest plastic emitting river. Flowing from the Tibetan Plateau to the East China Sea, its wide basin covers one-fifth of China’s land area and one-third of its population.
The largest by volume is the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna system, three major rivers running through India, China, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Their combined basin is home to around 400 million people, making it the most populous river basin in the world, ultimately draining into the Ganges Delta and ending up at the Bay of Bengal.
But the largest river basins in Asia are those of the “great Siberian rivers,” the Ob, the Yenisei, and the Lena, which all flow north to the Arctic Ocean.
Comprised of many archipelagos and islands with a high ratio of coast along the Pacific Ocean, Oceania understandably has fewer long rivers and major river basins.
But there are still a few standouts, especially in the deserts of Australia. The Murray–Darling basin in the country’s southeast includes six of Australia’s seven longest rivers (including the namesake Murray), draining west to the Southern Ocean near Adelaide.
Towards the center of the country is the Lake Eyre basin, which covers 1,210,000 km² or just under one-sixth of the country’s landmass. This mostly flat and often dry basin drains into Lake Eyre, Australia’s largest lake, which only fills up with water about four times a century.
If you want to see higher resolution versions of these maps and do more river exploration for yourself, head to the PythonMaps Twitter. For full-size prints, check out the PythonMaps Etsy.

This article was published as a part of Visual Capitalist's Creator Program, which features data-driven visuals from some of our favorite Creators around the world.
Water
Charted: Share of Freshwater Resources by Country
Water is a scarce commodity that is likely to fuel future conflict. View our graphic to see who controls the most freshwater resources.

Charted: Share of Freshwater Resources by Country
This was originally posted on our Voronoi app. Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.
Key Takeaways
- The top five countries account for 35% of the planet’s total renewable freshwater resources
- 96.5% of the Earth’s water is ocean water, meaning freshwater is surprisingly scarce
Freshwater is one of the world’s most vital resources, but its distribution is far from even. While some countries are rich in lakes, rivers, and glaciers, others face extreme scarcity.
This infographic breaks down global renewable freshwater resources by country, based on data from the World Bank.
Data and Highlights
The data we used to create this infographic is listed below.
Country | Billion cubic meters | % of Total |
---|---|---|
🇧🇷 Brazil | 5,661 | 13.2 |
🇷🇺 Russia | 4,312 | 10.1 |
🇨🇦 Canada | 2,850 | 6.7 |
🇺🇸 U.S. | 2,818 | 6.6 |
🇨🇳 China | 2,813 | 6.6 |
🇨🇴 Colombia | 2,145 | 5.0 |
🇮🇩 Indonesia | 2,019 | 4.7 |
🇵🇪 Peru | 1,641 | 3.8 |
🇮🇳 India | 1,446 | 3.4 |
🇲🇲 Myanmar | 1,003 | 2.3 |
🇨🇩 DR Congo | 900 | 2.1 |
🇨🇱 Chile | 885 | 2.1 |
🇻🇪 Venezuela | 805 | 1.9 |
🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea | 801 | 1.9 |
🇲🇾 Malaysia | 580 | 1.4 |
🇦🇺 Australia | 492 | 1.1 |
🇵🇭 Philippines | 479 | 1.1 |
🇪🇨 Ecuador | 442 | 1.0 |
🇯🇵 Japan | 430 | 1.0 |
🇲🇽 Mexico | 409 | 1.0 |
🌍 Other | 9,875 | 23.1 |
It’s estimated that just 2.5% of the planet’s water is freshwater, most of which is found in glaciers, ice caps, and underground. Easily accessible sources like rivers and lakes make up an even smaller percentage.
With this in mind, let’s take a closer look at the top five countries in this graphic.
🇧🇷 Brazil – 13% of Global Freshwater
Brazil holds the largest share of the world’s renewable freshwater thanks to the Amazon Basin, which accounts for roughly one-fifth of global river flow.
The basin contains 60% of the world’s rainforests and harbors 10% of the planet’s known forms of life.
🇷🇺 Russia – 10% of Global Freshwater
Russia’s freshwater resources are concentrated in its thousands of rivers and lakes, including Lake Baikal, which holds 20% of the world’s unfrozen freshwater alone.
🇨🇦 Canada – 7% of Global Freshwater
Canada has over two million lakes, including sharing the Great Lakes which contain roughly 84% of North America’s surface freshwater.
This, in addition to Canada’s other natural resources, is one major reason behind President Donald Trump’s desire to bring in Canada as the 51st state.
🇺🇸 United States – 7% of Global Freshwater
The U.S. has significant freshwater resources, with major river systems like the Mississippi, Colorado, and Columbia supplying millions of people with water.
However, water scarcity is an increasing concern, particularly in the Southwest where aquifers are being depleted faster than they can recharge.
🇨🇳 China – 7% of Global Freshwater
China’s freshwater supply is vast but unevenly distributed, with the south receiving far more rainfall than the arid north. The Yangtze River is the country’s lifeline, supporting agriculture, industry, and over 400 million people.
But water is also a rising source of geopolitical conflict, where countries downstream of rivers originating in China are fighting for control of their flow.
Learn More on the Voronoi App 
If you enjoyed this infographic, check out Share of the World’s Forests by Country.
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