Visualized: The Mass of the Entire Solar System

Visualized: The Mass of the Entire Solar System

In space, everything feels weightless due to the lack of gravity.

So how do you measure the weight of objects in space? You don’t. When it comes to the cosmos, all that matters is mass.

Today’s interactive data visualization comes from Reddit user Ranger-UK, and is designed by Daniel Caroli. It delves into the different masses which make up our solar system, and how they all compare in size.

A Star Is Born

Perhaps not surprisingly, the Sun eclipses all other nearby objects by mass. At the heart of our solar system, this yellow dwarf’s gravity is what holds it all together.

The Sun actually makes up 99.8% of our entire solar system’s mass — and we’re lucky to be living in the other 0.2%. Responsible for all life on Earth, it’s no wonder that various cultures have worshiped the Sun throughout history, and even dedicated deities to it.

Currently in its middle years — the sun is over four billion years old, and it’s predicted to remain stable for another five billion years. After this, it will overtake the orbits of Mercury and Venus and then shrink back to the size of a white dwarf.

Out Of This World

The gas giants are all more than ten times as massive as Earth, even though they’re mainly made up of hydrogen and helium. They dominate the Solar System’s real estate — once the Sun is taken out of the equation, of course.

In order, here’s how the planets stack up:

Planet	Category	Mass	Radius	Density
Jupiter	Gas giant	1,898,600 x 10²¹ kg	69,911 ±6 km	1.326g/cm³
Saturn	Gas giant	568,460 x 10²¹ kg	58,232 ±6 km (*without rings)	0.687g/cm³
Neptune	Gas giant	102,430 x 10²¹ kg	24,622 ±19 km	1.638g/cm³
Uranus	Gas giant	86,832 x 10²¹ kg	25,362 ±7 km	1.27g/cm³
Earth	Terrestrial planet	5,974 x 10²¹ kg	6.371 ±0.01 km	5.514g/cm³
Venus	Terrestrial planet	4,869 x 10²¹ kg	6,051.8 ±1 km (*without gas)	5.243g/cm³
Mars	Terrestrial planet	642 x 10²¹ kg	3,389.5 ±0.2 km	3.9335g/cm³
Mercury	Terrestrial planet	330 x 10²¹ kg	2,439.7 ±1 km	5.427g/cm³

Satellites Out of Control

The further away from the Sun you go, the more moons can be found orbiting planets. Earth’s singular moon is the fifth largest of almost 200 natural satellites found in the solar system.

Mars has two moons that don’t make it into the visualization above due to their low masses:

• Phobos: 1.08×10^16 kg
• Deimos: 2.0×10^15 kg

Here’s a breakdown of some other moons out there:

• Jupiter
  Total named: 53
  Biggest moons: Ganymede, Callisto, Io, Europa
  These four can be seen easily with some help from binoculars.
• Saturn
  Total named: 53
  Biggest moons: Titan, Rhea, Iapetus, Dione, and Tethys
• Uranus
  Total named: 27
  Biggest moons: Titania, Oberon, Ariel, Umbriel
• Neptune
  Total named: 14
  Biggest moon: Triton, which is as big as the dwarf planet Pluto.

Pluto and some “leftovers” of the solar system lie in the distant region of the doughnut-shaped Kuiper belt, between 30 to 50 astronomical units (AU) away. Beginning at the orbit of Neptune, the belt encompasses some of those objects in the visualization categorized as “other”.

So far, we’ve only managed to set foot on our own moon. NASA’s Opportunity rover helped us explore the Red Planet virtually for over 14 years, while the Curiosity is still going strong.

Who knows what else lurks beyond the edges of our solar system?

It suddenly struck me that that tiny pea, pretty and blue, was the Earth… I didn’t feel like a giant. I felt very, very small.

— Neil Armstrong, looking back at the Earth from the Moon (July 1969)