Misc
Visualized: Which Countries are Dominating Space?
Visualized: Which Countries are Dominating Space
Believe it or not, there is a lot of stuff in space. In fact, our atmosphere is filled with more than 11,000 objects that have been launched since the foray into space began.
The Space Race started during the Cold War, and early on the Soviet Union dominated when it came to the amount of devices and objects launched into our atmosphere. But a few years ago, the U.S. took back that title with Elon Musk’s SpaceX helping lead the charge.
This visual, using data from Our World in Data, breaks down the amount of objects launched into space by country over time.
What Gets Launched Into Space?
What are the objects being sent into our atmosphere and why are they so important? Here’s a look at just a few:
- Satellites
- Crewed spacecraft
- Probes
- Space station flight equipment
Probes and landers like the Mars Rover, for example, have helped scientists explore other planets. Satellites provide us with everyday necessities like cell phone service, far reaching television signals, satellite imagery, and GPS.
As of late 2021, there were around 4,852 operational satellites in orbit—2,944 belonging to the United States. Here’s a quick look at what the U.S. uses its satellites for:
- Commercial: 2,516
- Military: 230
- Government: 168
- Civil: 30
Many satellites in orbit, however, are no longer functional. In fact, there is a lot of junk in space—according to NASA, there are over 27,000 pieces of space debris in orbit.
The Space Race, by Country
The venture into outer space began during the Cold War when the USSR launched the first satellite, Sputnik 1 in 1957. After this, the U.S. and Soviet Union entered a definitive competition between technological advancements and scientific exploration into space—an extension of the battle between political ideologies.
Few countries have come close in matching either the U.S. or Russia so far. Here’s a look at the cumulative number of objects different countries have launched into orbit and beyond.
Rank | Country | Cumulative Number of Objects Launched into Space |
---|---|---|
#1 | 🇺🇸 United States | 5,534 |
#2 | 🇷🇺 Russia | 3,611 |
#3 | 🇨🇳 China | 731 |
#4 | 🇬🇧 UK | 515 |
#5 | 🇯🇵 Japan | 300 |
#6 | 🇫🇷 France | 130 |
#7 | 🇮🇳 India | 127 |
#8 | 🇩🇪 Germany | 114 |
#9 | 🇨🇦 Canada | 82 |
#10 | 🇱🇺 Luxembourg | 53 |
#11 | 🇮🇹 Italy | 52 |
#12 | 🇰🇷 South Korea | 43 |
#13 | 🇧🇷 Brazil | 39 |
#14 | 🇦🇺 Australia | 36 |
#15 | 🇧🇪 Belgium | 36 |
#16 | 🇮🇱 Israel | 30 |
#17 | 🇪🇸 Spain | 29 |
#18 | 🇺🇾 Uruguay | 23 |
#19 | 🇮🇩 Indonesia | 21 |
#20 | 🇦🇷 Argentina | 20 |
#21 | 🇸🇪 Sweden | 19 |
#22 | 🇲🇽 Mexico | 18 |
#23 | 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia | 17 |
#24 | 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates | 17 |
#25 | 🇹🇼 Taiwan | 17 |
#26 | 🇫🇮 Finland | 17 |
#27 | 🇹🇷 Turkey | 16 |
#28 | 🇨🇭 Switzerland | 15 |
#29 | 🇹🇭 Thailand | 14 |
#30 | 🇳🇿 New Zealand | 14 |
#31 | 🇳🇴 Norway | 14 |
#32 | 🇳🇱 Netherlands | 13 |
#33 | 🇩🇰 Denmark | 12 |
#34 | 🇪🇬 Egypt | 9 |
#35 | 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan | 9 |
#36 | 🇲🇾 Malaysia | 9 |
#37 | 🇱🇹 Lithuania | 9 |
#38 | 🇺🇦 Ukraine | 8 |
#39 | 🇵🇱 Poland | 8 |
#40 | 🇻🇳 Vietnam | 7 |
#41 | 🇵🇭 Philippines | 7 |
#42 | 🇨🇿 Czechia | 7 |
#43 | 🇩🇿 Algeria | 6 |
#44 | 🇮🇷 Iran | 6 |
#45 | 🇵🇰 Pakistan | 6 |
#46 | 🇳🇬 Nigeria | 5 |
#47 | 🇿🇦 South Africa | 5 |
#48 | 🇭🇺 Hungary | 5 |
#49 | 🇻🇪 Venezuela | 4 |
#50 | 🇵🇪 Peru | 4 |
#51 | 🇨🇱 Chile | 4 |
#52 | 🇲🇦 Morocco | 3 |
#53 | 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan | 3 |
#54 | 🇬🇷 Greece | 3 |
#55 | 🇪🇪 Estonia | 3 |
#56 | 🇧🇾 Belarus | 3 |
#57 | 🇧🇬 Bulgaria | 3 |
#58 | 🇦🇹 Austria | 3 |
#59 | 🇨🇴 Colombia | 2 |
#60 | 🇪🇨 Ecuador | 2 |
#61 | 🇰🇵 North Korea | 2 |
#62 | 🇧🇩 Bangladesh | 2 |
#63 | 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea | 2 |
#64 | 🇸🇰 Slovakia | 2 |
#65 | 🇸🇮 Slovenia | 2 |
#66 | 🇬🇭 Ghana | 1 |
#67 | 🇪🇹 Ethiopia | 1 |
#68 | 🇰🇪 Kenya | 1 |
#69 | 🇷🇼 Rwanda | 1 |
#70 | 🇦🇴 Angola | 1 |
#71 | 🇬🇹 Guatemala | 1 |
#72 | 🇨🇷 Costa Rica | 1 |
#73 | 🇧🇴 Bolivia | 1 |
#74 | 🇵🇾 Paraguay | 1 |
#75 | 🇲🇳 Mongolia | 1 |
#76 | 🇹🇲 Turkmenistan | 1 |
#77 | 🇯🇴 Jordan | 1 |
#78 | 🇶🇦 Qatar | 1 |
#79 | 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka | 1 |
#80 | 🇳🇵 Nepal | 1 |
#81 | 🇧🇹 Bhutan | 1 |
#82 | 🇱🇦 Laos | 1 |
#83 | 🇱🇻 Latvia | 1 |
#84 | 🇷🇴 Romania | 1 |
#85 | 🇲🇨 Monaco | 1 |
#86 | 🇵🇹 Portugal | 1 |
One important disclaimer here is that not all of these countries have orbital launch capabilities, meaning that although the satellite in space may belong to a certain country, that doesn’t mean that it was launched by said country. For example, the UK’s first launch in 1971 was out of Australia and France’s first launch took place in Algeria in 1965.
In total, around 86 countries have attempted some kind of entry into space. However, as of 2022, only 11 countries have the ability to send objects into space using their own launch vehicles, and only three—the U.S., Russia, and China—have ever launched people into outer space.
The Future of Space
With corporations beginning to take the lead in this new frontier, the landscape of space launches is changing. In 2019 Starlink, a constellation of satellites which provides 36 countries with internet access, was launched. With over 2,200 Starlink satellites in the sky and counting, SpaceX’s ultimate goal is global internet coverage; China is planning a similar venture.
Beyond useful satellites and scientific exploration, other potential space industries are emerging.
As one example, the business of commercial space tourism is no longer a futuristic concept. In late 2021, famous billionaire and founder of Virgin Galactic, Richard Branson flew briefly into space on a private flight. Jeff Bezos, having founded Blue Origin, followed shortly after.
Today, both Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic are licensed by the Federal Aviation Administration for passenger space travel. However, if you want to be launched into space, it will cost you around $250,000-$500,000.
Misc
Visualizing Two Decades of Reported Hate Crimes in the U.S.
Hate crimes across the U.S. have been on the rise since 2014. Here’s a look at the most common types of offenses over the years.

Visualizing Two Decades of Reported Hate Crimes in the U.S.
Across the U.S., thousands of hate crimes are committed each year, with many different motivating biases.
In 2020 alone, more than 10,000 unique hate crime incidents were reported to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)—and it’s likely that thousands more were committed that didn’t get reported to law enforcement.
What are the most commonly reported motivating biases, and how have hate crime rates evolved over the years? This graphic uses data from the FBI to visualize two decades of reported hate crime incidents across America.
What is Considered a Hate Crime?
Before diving in, it’s important to determine what constitutes a hate crime.
According to the U.S. Department of Justice, a hate crime is a crime that’s “committed on the basis of the victim’s perceived or actual race, color, religion, national origin, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity, or disability.”
These types of crimes are a threat to society, as they have a broader impact on communities than other types of crimes do. This is because hate crimes can foster fear and intimidate large groups of people or marginalized communities, making them feel unwelcome, unsafe, or othered.
Hate Crimes on the Rise
Hate crimes have been rising across the U.S. in nearly every year since 2014. By 2020, reported crimes across America reached record-level highs not seen in over two decades.
Year | Number of Reported Incidents | % Change (y-o-y) |
---|---|---|
2001 | 9730 | 18.4% |
2002 | 7485 | -23.1% |
2003 | 7545 | 0.8% |
2004 | 7685 | 1.9% |
2005 | 7411 | -3.6% |
2006 | 7715 | 4.1% |
2007 | 7625 | -1.2% |
2008 | 8039 | 5.4% |
2009 | 6613 | -17.7% |
2010 | 6633 | 0.3% |
2011 | 6299 | -5.0% |
2012 | 6594 | 4.7% |
2013 | 6044 | -8.3% |
2014 | 5599 | -7.4% |
2015 | 5871 | 4.9% |
2016 | 6276 | 6.9% |
2017 | 7321 | 16.7% |
2018 | 7170 | -2.1% |
2019 | 7892 | 10.1% |
2020 | 10299 | 30.5% |
And sadly, these figures are likely a vast undercount. Law enforcement submit this data to the FBI of their own volition, and in 2020, thousands of agencies did not submit their crime statistics.
Race-Related Hate Crimes are Most Common
Historically, the most reported hate crimes in the U.S. are related to race. In 2020, about 66% of incidents were motivated by discrimination against the victim’s race or ethnicity.
Type of Bias | Total Number of Crimes (2020) | % of Total |
---|---|---|
Race/Ethnicity | 6793 | 66.0% |
Religion | 1626 | 15.8% |
Sexual Orientation | 1311 | 12.7% |
Other | 569 | 5.5% |
Total | 10299 | -- |
While race is the most commonly reported hate crime, incidents related to gender and gender identity are on the rise—in 2020, there was a 9% increase in gender-related incidents, and a 34% increase in gender identity-related incidents, compared to 2019 figures.
Science
Visualizing the Relationship Between Cancer and Lifespan
New research links mutation rates and lifespan. We visualize the data supporting this new framework for understanding cancer.

A Newfound Link Between Cancer and Aging?
A new study in 2022 reveals a thought-provoking relationship between how long animals live and how quickly their genetic codes mutate.
Cancer is a product of time and mutations, and so researchers investigated its onset and impact within 16 unique mammals. A new perspective on DNA mutation broadens our understanding of aging and cancer development—and how we might be able to control it.
Mutations, Aging, and Cancer: A Primer
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of cells. It is not a pathogen that infects the body, but a normal body process gone wrong.
Cells divide and multiply in our bodies all the time. Sometimes, during DNA replication, tiny mistakes (called mutations) appear randomly within the genetic code. Our bodies have mechanisms to correct these errors, and for much of our youth we remain strong and healthy as a result of these corrective measures.
However, these protections weaken as we age. Developing cancer becomes more likely as mutations slip past our defenses and continue to multiply. The longer we live, the more mutations we carry, and the likelihood of them manifesting into cancer increases.
A Biological Conundrum
Since mutations can occur randomly, biologists expect larger lifeforms (those with more cells) to have greater chances of developing cancer than smaller lifeforms.
Strangely, no association exists.
It is one of biology’s biggest mysteries as to why massive creatures like whales or elephants rarely seem to experience cancer. This is called Peto’s Paradox. Even stranger: some smaller creatures, like the naked mole rat, are completely resistant to cancer.
This phenomenon motivates researchers to look into the genetics of naked mole rats and whales. And while we’ve discovered that special genetic bonuses (like extra tumor-suppressing genes) benefit these creatures, a pattern for cancer rates across all other species is still poorly understood.
Cancer May Be Closely Associated with Lifespan
Researchers at the Wellcome Sanger Institute report the first study to look at how mutation rates compare with animal lifespans.
Mutation rates are simply the speed at which species beget mutations. Mammals with shorter lifespans have average mutation rates that are very fast. A mouse undergoes nearly 800 mutations in each of its four short years on Earth. Mammals with longer lifespans have average mutation rates that are much slower. In humans (average lifespan of roughly 84 years), it comes to fewer than 50 mutations per year.
The study also compares the number of mutations at time of death with other traits, like body mass and lifespan. For example, a giraffe has roughly 40,000 times more cells than a mouse. Or a human lives 90 times longer than a mouse. What surprised researchers was that the number of mutations at time of death differed only by a factor of three.
Such small differentiation suggests there may be a total number of mutations a species can collect before it dies. Since the mammals reached this number at different speeds, finding ways to control the rate of mutations may help stall cancer development, set back aging, and prolong life.
The Future of Cancer Research
The findings in this study ignite new questions for understanding cancer.
Confirming that mutation rate and lifespan are strongly correlated needs comparison to lifeforms beyond mammals, like fishes, birds, and even plants.
It will also be necessary to understand what factors control mutation rates. The answer to this likely lies within the complexities of DNA. Geneticists and oncologists are continuing to investigate genetic curiosities like tumor-suppressing genes and how they might impact mutation rates.
Aging is likely to be a confluence of many issues, like epigenetic changes or telomere shortening, but if mutations are involved then there may be hopes of slowing genetic damage—or even reversing it.
While just a first step, linking mutation rates to lifespan is a reframing of our understanding of cancer development, and it may open doors to new strategies and therapies for treating cancer or taming the number of health-related concerns that come with aging.
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