Ranked: Which Economies Are the Most Competitive?

What makes a country successful from an economic perspective? Many think of this in terms of GDP per capita—but in a rapidly changing world, our definitions of progress have evolved to encompass much more.

This animated Chart of the Week visualizes 10 years of global competitiveness, according to the World Economic Forum, and tracks how rankings have changed in this time.

How Do You Measure Competition?

The WEF’s annual Global Competitiveness Report defines the concept of ‘competitiveness’ as an economy’s productivity—and the institutions, policies, and factors which shape this.

This year’s edition unpacks the national competitiveness of 141 countries, using the newly-introduced Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) 4.0 which looks at four key metrics:

1. Enabling Environment
   Includes: Institutions, Infrastructure, ICT Adoption*, Macroeconomic Activity
   *Refers to information and communications technology
2. Human Capital
   Includes: Health, Skills
3. Markets
   Includes: Product Market, Labor Market, Financial System, Market Size
4. Innovation Ecosystem
   Includes: Business Dynamics, Innovation Capability

Each country’s overall competitiveness score is an average of these 12 main pillars of productivity. With that out of the way, let’s dive into the countries which emerge triumphant.

The Most Competitive: Movers and Shakers

The world’s top countries excel in many fields—but there can only be one #1. In 2019, Singapore wins the coveted “most competitive economy” title, with a 84.8 score on the GCI.

The nation’s developed infrastructure, health, labor market, and financial system have all propelled it forward—swapping with the U.S. (83.7) for the top spot. However, more can be done, as the report notes Singapore still lacks press freedom and demonstrates a low commitment to sustainability.

How have the current scores of the most competitive economies improved or fallen behind, compared to 2018?

Rank	Economy	2019 Score	2018 Score	2018-2019 Change
#1	🇸🇬 Singapore	84.8	83.5	+1.3
#2	🇺🇸 United States	83.7	85.6	-2
#3	🇭🇰 Hong Kong	83.1	82.3	+0.9
#4	🇳🇱 Netherlands	82.4	82.4	0
#5	🇨🇭 Switzerland	82.3	82.6	-0.3
#6	🇯🇵 Japan	82.3	82.5	-0.2
#7	🇩🇪 Germany	81.8	82.8	-1
#8	🇸🇪 Sweden	81.2	81.7	-0.4
#9	🇬🇧 United Kingdom	81.2	82	-0.8
#10	🇩🇰 Denmark	81.2	80.6	+0.6

Finland (80.2) and Canada (79.6) are notable exits from this top 10 list over the years. Meanwhile, Denmark (81.2) disappeared from the rankings for five years, but managed to climb back up in 2018.

Regional Competitiveness: Highs and Lows

Another perspective on the most competitive economies is to look at how countries fare within regions, and how these regions compete among each other.

Middle East and North Africa (MENA) has the widest gap in competitiveness scores—Israel (76.7) scores over double that of poorest-performing Yemen (35.5). Interestingly, the MENA region showed the most progress, growing its median score by 2.77% between 2018-2019.

The narrowest gap is actually in South Asia, with just a single-digit difference between India (61.4) and Nepal (51.6). However, the region also grew the slowest, with only 0.08% increase in median score over a year.

Region	Best Performer	2019 Score	Worst Performer	2019 Score	Regional Gap
Europe and North America	🇺🇸 United States	83.7	🇧🇦 Bosnia & Herzegovina	54.7	29
Latin America and the Caribbean	🇨🇱 Chile	70.5	🇭🇹 Haiti	36.3	34.2
East Asia and Pacific	🇸🇬 Singapore	84.8	🇱🇦 Laos	50.1	34.7
South Asia	🇮🇳 India	61.4	🇳🇵 Nepal	51.6	9.8
Eurasia	🇷🇺 Russia	66.7	🇹🇯 Tajikistan	52.4	14.3
Middle East and North Africa	🇮🇱 Israel	76.7	🇾🇪 Yemen	35.5	41.2
Sub-Saharan Africa	🇲🇺 Mauritius	64.3	🇹🇩 Chad	35.1	29.2

Across all regions, the WEF found that East Asia’s 73.9 median score was the highest. Europe and North America were not far behind with a 70.9 median score. This is consistent with the fact that the most competitive economies have all come from these regions in the past decade.

As all these countries race towards the frontier—an ideal state where productivity growth is not constrained—the report notes that competitiveness “does not imply a zero-sum game”. Instead, any and all countries are capable of improving their productivity according to the GCI measures.



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20 Companies Responsible For the Most Carbon Emissions?

Since 1965, it’s estimated over 1.35 million metric tons (MtCO₂e) of greenhouse gases have been released into the atmosphere—and over a third can be traced back to just 20 companies.

This week’s chart draws on a dataset from the Climate Accountability Institute, and highlights the companies which have been responsible for the most carbon emissions in the past half-century.

The Sum of their Carbon Emissions

Between 1965-2017, the top 20 companies have contributed 480,169 MtCO₂e in total carbon emissions, or 35% of cumulative global emissions. This whopping amount is mostly from the combustion of their products—each company on this chart deals in fossil fuels.

The largest contributor? Saudi Aramco, the national petroleum and natural gas company of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Aramco actually comes in first on another list as well—it’s the most profitable company, making over $304 million daily.

However, this financial gain came at a significant cost: the state-owned giant’s operations have resulted in 59,262 MtCO₂e in carbon emissions since 1965. To put that into perspective, this total is more than six times China’s emissions in 2017 alone (9,838 MtCO₂e).

Explore the full list of companies by location, who owns them, and their total 1965–2017 emissions count below:

A Greener Business Model?

According to the researchers, all the companies that show up in today’s chart bear some responsibility for knowingly accelerating the climate crisis even after proven scientific evidence.

In fact, U.S.-based Exxon Mobil is currently on trial for misleading investors: the company downplayed the effect of climate change on its profitability, while internal calculations proved to be much larger. It also sowed public doubt on the immense impacts of rising greenhouse gas levels on the planet.

Growing sustainability and environmental concerns threaten the viability of old business models for these corporations, causing many to pivot away from the fossil fuel focus. Take BP for example—originally named British Petroleum, the company embraced “Beyond Petroleum” as its new rallying cry. More recently, it launched a carbon footprint calculator and is committed to keeping its carbon emissions flat into 2025.

The first step to reducing your emissions is to know where you stand. Find out your #carbonfootprint with our new calculator & share your pledge today!

— BP (@BP_plc) October 22, 2019

However, the Climate Accountability Institute argues that more can still be done, with the researchers calling for these companies to reduce their fossil fuel production in the near future.

Continued pressure on these “Big Oil” companies to peak their carbon emissions, and urgently increase their renewable energy investment, may help curb the climate crisis before it’s too late.