Misc
Cognitive Biases: Three Common Types Illustrated
In a world of information overload, we can fall victim to all sorts of cognitive biases. Since they can lead us to generate false conclusions, it’s particularly important to understand what these biases are and how they work, as the consequences can become quite drastic.
Confirmation bias, sampling bias, and brilliance bias are three examples that can affect our ability to critically engage with information. Jono Hey of Sketchplanations walks us through these cognitive bias examples, to help us better understand how they influence our day-to-day lives.
Confirmation Bias
One of the most-commonly encountered and understood, you’re likely to have already heard about confirmation bias. This cognitive bias affects the way we test and evaluate hypotheses every day.
In simple terms, confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out or interpret evidence in such a way that supports our own strongly-held beliefs or expectations. This means that, given access to the same set of data and information, different people can come to wildly differing conclusions.
Feeding into confirmation bias can lead us to make ill-informed choices or even reinforce negative stereotypes. For this reason, it is important to remember to seek out information that both confirms and contradicts your presumptions about a certain topic.
Sampling Bias
Sampling bias is a kind of bias that allows us to come to faulty conclusions based on inaccurate sample groups or data. Generally, the cause of sample bias is in poor study design and data collection.
When polling individuals for survey questions, it is important to get a representative picture of an entire population. But this can prove surprisingly difficult when the people generating the study are also prone to human flaws, including cognitive biases.
A common example involves conducting a survey on which political party is likely to win an election. If the study is run by a professor who only polls college students, since they are around and therefore easier to collect information from, the poll will not accurately reflect the opinions of the general population.
To avoid sampling bias, it is important to randomize data collection to ensure responses are not skewed towards individuals with similar characteristics.
Brilliance Bias
Brilliance bias is another common cognitive bias that makes us more likely to think of genius as a masculine trait. This is in part due to the lack of female representation in both traditional academic and executive positions.
In fact, The Journal of Experimental Social Psychology published an in-depth study on brilliance bias in 2020. It suggests that a likely source of this bias is in the uneven distribution of men and women across careers typically associated with higher level intelligence.
While this distribution is a remnant of historical factors that limited access to education and career choices for women in the past, its presence has made us (wrongly) conclude that women are less brilliant instead. Naturally, as the cycle perpetuates the uneven distribution of women in these careers, it only reinforces this bias.
Other Cognitive Bias Examples
These few examples from Jono Hey give a good overview of some of the biases we face when trying to understand the data given to us, but they are just the tip of the iceberg.
It is important to be cognizant of these biases in an era where we are constantly engaging with information, especially if we want to combat some of the harmful consequences they entail.

This article was published as a part of Visual Capitalist's Creator Program, which features data-driven visuals from some of our favorite Creators around the world.
Maps
Mapped: Minimum Wage Around the World
This infographic shows the net minimum wage across 67 countries, as of January 2023. A breakdown by U.S. state is also included.

Mapped: Minimum Wage Around the World
The purpose of a minimum wage is to establish a baseline income level for workers in a given jurisdiction. Ideally it’s enough to cover basic needs like food and housing, but this isn’t always a guarantee.
To see how the minimum wage differs around the world, we’ve visualized data from Picodi, which includes values for 67 countries as of January 2023.
Monthly Minimum Wage, by Country
The following table includes all of the data used in this infographic.
Each value represents the monthly minimum wage a full-time worker would receive in each country. Picodi states that these figures are net of taxes and have been converted to USD.
Country | Increase compared to Jan 2022 | Minimum wage as of Jan 2023 (full-time, USD) |
---|---|---|
Cyprus | 104.5% | $854 |
Argentina | 100.0% | $336 |
Turkey | 32.5% | $457 |
Moldova | 27.1% | $180 |
Latvia | 25.8% | $555 |
Malaysia | 24.6% | $289 |
Pakistan | 24.5% | $111 |
Romania | 21.9% | $393 |
Germany | 21.2% | $1,594 |
Belarus | 18.8% | $189 |
Lithuania | 18.5% | $646 |
North Macedonia | 17.4% | $298 |
Mexico | 17.1% | $315 |
Chile | 16.9% | $369 |
Russia | 16.6% | $224 |
Kazakhstan | 16.4% | $131 |
Colombia | 16.0% | $249 |
Hungary | 15.3% | $383 |
Netherlands | 14.6% | $1,895 |
Poland | 14.3% | $584 |
Belgium | 14.3% | $1,509 |
Serbia | 14.2% | $347 |
Estonia | 14.2% | $704 |
Azerbaijan | 13.3% | $186 |
Albania | 12.9% | $265 |
Slovenia | 12.6% | $896 |
US | 12.0% | $1,550 |
Croatia | 11.9% | $571 |
Uzbekistan | 11.4% | $72 |
Paraguay | 11.4% | $323 |
Armenia | 10.3% | $138 |
Peru | 10.0% | $233 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 9.9% | $324 |
Bulgaria | 9.3% | $315 |
Luxembourg | 9.2% | $2,140 |
Philippines | 9.0% | $141 |
Uruguay | 8.9% | $424 |
Brazil | 8.5% | $232 |
India | 8.1% | $95 |
Indonesia | 7.9% | $173 |
Greece | 7.8% | $626 |
Portugal | 7.3% | $690 |
UK | 7.2% | $1,705 |
Slovakia | 6.9% | $572 |
South Africa | 6.6% | $226 |
France | 6.6% | $1,380 |
Czechia | 6.0% | $643 |
Vietnam | 5.7% | $162 |
Ecuador | 5.6% | $407 |
New Zealand | 5.4% | $1,866 |
Ireland | 5.1% | $1,753 |
Canada | 5.0% | $1,545 |
Thailand | 4.8% | $195 |
Australia | 4.7% | $2,022 |
South Korea | 4.6% | $1,333 |
Taiwan | 4.0% | $800 |
Bolivia | 3.9% | $284 |
Guatemala | 3.6% | $383 |
Malta | 3.1% | $788 |
Ukraine | 0.0% | $146 |
Israel | 0.0% | $1,389 |
Puerto Rico | 0.0% | $1,328 |
Hong Kong | 0.0% | $959 |
Saudi Arabia | 0.0% | $958 |
Spain | 0.0% | $925 |
Montenegro | 0.0% | $459 |
Nigeria | 0.0% | $68 |
Generally speaking, developed countries have a higher cost of living, and thus require a higher minimum wage.
Two outliers in this dataset are Argentina and Turkey, which have increased their minimum wages by 100% or more from January 2022 levels.
Turkey is suffering from an ongoing currency crisis, with the lira losing over 40% of its value in 2021. Prices of basic goods have increased considerably as the Turkish lira continues to plummet. In fact, a 2022 survey found that 70% of people in Turkey were struggling to pay for food.
Argentina, South America’s second-biggest economy, is also suffering from very high inflation. In response, the country announced three minimum wage increases throughout 2022.
Minimum Wage in the U.S.
Within the U.S., minimum wage varies significantly by state. We’ve visualized each state’s basic minimum rate (hourly) using January 2023 data from the U.S. Department of Labor.
2023-03-17 Update: This map was updated to fix several incorrect values. We apologize for any confusion this may have caused.
America’s federal minimum wage has remained unchanged since 2009 at $7.25 per hour.
Each state is allowed to set their own minimum wage, as long as it’s higher than the federal minimum. In states that do not set their own minimum, the federal minimum applies.
If we assume someone works 40 hours a week, the federal minimum wage of $7.25 translates to an annual figure of just $15,080 before taxes. California’s minimum wage of $15.50 translates to $32,240 before taxes.
For further perspective, check out our 2022 infographic on the salary needed to buy a home across 50 U.S. cities.
-
Datastream2 weeks ago
Network Overload? Adding Up the Data Produced By Connected Cars
-
Datastream3 days ago
Ranked: The World’s 25 Richest Countries by GDP per Capita
-
Energy4 weeks ago
Mapped: Asia’s Biggest Sources of Electricity by Country
-
Maps2 weeks ago
Mapped: Minimum Wage Around the World
-
Environment2 days ago
Visualizing the Flow of Energy-Related CO2 Emissions in the U.S.
-
Finance4 weeks ago
Ranked: The World’s Most Valuable Bank Brands (2019-2023)
-
Money2 weeks ago
Charted: 30 Years of Central Bank Gold Demand
-
Money1 day ago
De-Dollarization: Countries Seeking Alternatives to the U.S. Dollar