Space
Map of Mars: The Geology of the Red Planet
Published
2 years agoon
View the full-size version of this infographic

Mapping Mars: The Geology of the Red Planet
View the high resolution version of this incredible map by clicking here
For centuries, Mars has been mythically defined by its characteristic red appearance.
In Babylonian astronomy, Mars was named after Nergal, the deity of fire, war, and destruction. In Chinese and Japanese texts, the planet was known as 火星, the fire star.
Although this unique reddish hue has been a key defining characteristic of Mars in culture for centuries, today we now know that it’s the iron oxide soil of the Martian landscape that makes it the “Red Planet” – and that there is much more to Mars than its color upon closer observation.
Above, today’s map, posted and created by Reddit user /hellofromthemoon, brings together the data from centuries of observation and the numerous missions to the Red Planet to map out its geology on a grand scale.
A Red Dot in the Sky
Egyptian astronomers first observed the planet Mars four thousand years ago and named it “Horus-the-red.” Babylonian astronomers marked its course through the night sky to track the passage of time. But it was not until 1610, when Galileo Galilei witnessed Mars with his own eyes through a telescope, that Mars was revealed as a whole other world.
Over the centuries with improving technology, a succession of astronomers observed and crudely mapped out everything from polar ice caps to yellow clouds, and white and dark spots denoting varying elevations across the Martian surface. Some of the earliest maps of Mars date to 1831. But there is only so much you can accurately observe from the surface of the Earth.
On July 14, 1965, NASA successfully received the first up-close images of Mars from the Mariner 4 spacecraft, passing within 9,844 kilometers (6,117 miles) of Mars’ surface. Mariner 4 captured the image of a large ancient crater and confirmed the existence of a thin atmosphere composed largely of carbon dioxide.
Since then, four space agencies have successfully made it to Mars: NASA, the former Soviet Union space program, the European Space Agency and the Indian Space Research Organization. From orbital satellites to surface exploration with robots, each successful mission has brought back important data to develop an evolving picture of the planet.
Here is a complete list of both the successful and failed missions to Mars.
Martian Geology
On Mars, we see volcanoes, canyons, and impact basins much like the ones on Earth. The yellows scattered across the map indicate meteor impacts of varying size while the swaths of red indicate volcanoes and their associated lava flows. The varying colors of brown indicate the cratered highlands and midlands that make up most of the southern hemisphere.
The planet appears asymmetric. Most of the southern hemisphere is heavily cratered and resembles the moon’s highlands. In contrast, the northern hemisphere is sparsely cratered and has many large volcanoes.
Mars is approximately one-half the diameter of the Earth, but both planets have the same amount of dry land. This is because the current surface of Mars has no liquid water.
Mars and Earth are very different planets when it comes to temperature, size, and atmosphere, but geologic processes on the two planets are eerily similar. The sheer size of some landforms on Mars would shadow over similar features on Earth because of the lack of water erosion. This lack of erosion has preserved billion year-old geologic features.
The tallest mountain on Mars and in the solar system is Olympus Mons, and it is two and a half times taller than Mt. Everest. A Martian canyon system, called Valles Marineris, is the length of the entire continental United States and three times deeper than the Grand Canyon.
Mars Colony: Location, Location, Location
The first step to building a colony is to figure out where the best chance of survival is. For Mars, some researchers have identified the planet’s poles, which contain millennia-old ice deposits. These are thought to contain large amounts of ice, which mars settlers could extract and turn into liquid water.
The poles also host other natural resources, such as carbon dioxide, iron, aluminum, silicon and sulfur, which could be used to make glass, brick and plastic. Furthermore, the planet’s atmosphere contains enough hydrogen and methanol for fuel.
Closing the Distance
The map above represents the culmination of centuries of work which we are lucky enough to view here on a computer, conveniently online for us to appreciate and wonder what life’s like on the surface of Mars.
Who knows what more exploration will reveal.
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Technology
Visualizing All of Earth’s Satellites: Who Owns Our Orbit?
Nearly 6,000 satellites circle our tiny planet. About 60% are space junk, 40% are operational—and hundreds more are launched every year.
Published
4 months agoon
October 20, 2020
Visualizing All of Earth’s Satellites
For centuries, humans have looked to space and the stars for answers. The fascination is more than philosophical—it’s coupled with the need to solve problems here on Earth.
Today, there are seemingly countless benefits and applications of space technology. Satellites, for instance, are becoming critical for everything from internet connectivity and precision agriculture, to border security and archaeological study.
Space is Open for Business
Right now, there are nearly 6,000 satellites circling our tiny planet. About 60% of those are defunct satellites—space junk—and roughly 40% are operational.
As highlighted in the chart above, The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS), determined that 2,666 operational satellites circled the globe in April of 2020.
Over the coming decade, it’s estimated by Euroconsult that 990 satellites will be launched every year. This means that by 2028, there could be 15,000 satellites in orbit.
With SpaceX’s planned Starlink constellation of 12,000 satellites and Amazon’s proposed constellation in the works, the new space race continues its acceleration.
Let’s take a closer look at who operates those satellites and how they apply their technology.
Technology with a Purpose
Humans have long used space for navigation. While sailors once relied on the stars, today we use satellites for GPS, navigation, and various other applications.
More than half of Earth’s operational satellites are launched for commercial purposes. About 61% of those provide communications, including everything from satellite TV and Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity to global internet.
Commercial Satellites by Purpose | Number of Satellites |
---|---|
Communications | 1007 |
Earth Observation | 446 |
Navigation / GPS | 97 |
Tech Demonstration & Development | 87 |
Other | 9 |
All Commercial Satellites (including combination) | 1646 |
Second to communications, 27% of commercial satellites have been launched for Earth Observation (EO) purposes, including environmental monitoring and border security.
Commercial satellites, however, can serve multiple purposes. One week, a satellite may be ‘tasked’ to image a contested border. It could later be tasked to monitor the reclamation of a mining site or even the aftermath of a natural disaster.
Operational Satellites by Type | Number of Satellites | Percentage of Operational Satellites |
---|---|---|
Commercial | 1440 | 54% |
Government | 436 | 16% |
Military | 339 | 13% |
Civil | 133 | 5% |
Combination (Other) | 112 | 4% |
Combination (Commercial) | 206 | 8% |
Defunct Satellites | 3200 |
Government and civil purposes make up 21% of all of Earth’s operational satellites, and military purposes come in at 13%.
Who Owns Earth’s Orbit? Space Operators
SpaceX—founded by Elon Musk—is not only a disruptive launch provider for missions to the International Space Station (saving NASA millions). It’s also the largest commercial operator of satellites on the planet.
With 358 satellites launched as of April, part of SpaceX’s mission is to boost navigation capabilities and supply the world with space-based internet.
While the company operated 22% of the world’s operational satellites as of April, it went on to launch an additional 175 satellites in the span of one month, from August to September 2020.
Following its series of summer launches, SpaceX announced that it had deployed enough satellites to support the beta version of its satellite-based internet service, Starlink.
Every Commercial Satellite in One Table
Since December 2005, the UCS has compiled data on every operational satellite in Earth’s orbit. In the table below, you’ll find every commercial satellite in orbit, as of April 2020.
Satellite Owner/Operator | Number of Satellites | Country of Operator/Owner |
---|---|---|
SpaceX | 358 | USA |
Planet Labs, Inc. | 246 | USA |
Spire Global Inc. | 89 | USA |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | 78 | USA |
OneWeb Satellites | 74 | United Kingdom |
SES S.A. | 51 | Luxembourg |
Intelsat S.A. | 51 | USA |
ORBCOMM Inc. | 35 | USA |
DoD/US Air Force | 33 | USA |
EUTELSAT Americas | 33 | Multinational |
Ministry of Defense | 33 | Egypt |
Globalstar | 32 | USA |
European Space Agency (ESA) | 26 | ESA |
O3b Networks Ltd. | 20 | United Kingdom |
Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd. | 15 | China |
Gonets Satcom | 15 | Russia |
Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation | 15 | Japan |
Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.) | 14 | Canada |
Echostar Corporation (entire payload leased from Telesat Canada Ltd.) | 9 | USA |
INMARSAT, Ltd. | 13 | United Kingdom |
Zhuhai Orbita Aerospace Science and Technology Co. | 13 | China |
Aerospace Corporation | 12 | USA |
DirecTV Latin America/Intelsat | 12 | Brazil |
PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.) | 11 | USA |
Aprize Satellite | 10 | Canada |
International Organization of Space Communications (Intersputnik) | 10 | Russia |
Swarm Technologies | 9 | USA |
Satellogic S.A. | 8 | Argentina |
Spacety Aerospace Co. | 8 | China |
Beijing Commsat Technology Development Co. Ltd. | 7 | China |
China Satellite Communication Corp. (China Satcom) | 7 | China |
GeoOptics Inc. | 7 | USA |
Riyadh Space Research Institute | 7 | Saudi Arabia |
Asia Broadcast Satellite Ltd. | 6 | Multinational |
Asia Satellite Telecommunications Co. Ltd. | 6 | China |
Embratel Star One | 6 | Brazil |
Guodian Gaoke | 6 | China |
Sirius XM Holdings | 6 | USA |
Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. | 6 | United Kingdom |
Beijing Space View Technology | 5 | China |
BlackSky Global | 5 | USA |
Gazprom Space Systems | 5 | Russia |
Ningxia Jingui Information Technology Co. Ltd. | 5 | China |
Optus Communications (Parent: Singapore Telecom) | 5 | Australia |
RapidEye AG | 5 | Germany |
APT Satellite Holdings Ltd. | 4 | China |
Broadcasting Satellite System Corp. | 4 | Japan |
exactEarth | 4 | Canada |
Fleet Space Technologies | 4 | Australia |
Hispamar (subsidiary of Hispasat - Spain) | 4 | Spain |
Hispasat | 4 | Spain |
ICEYE Ltd. | 4 | Finland |
Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) | 4 | South Korea |
KT Corporation | 4 | South Korea |
Al Yah Satellite Communications Co. (YAHSAT) | 3 | United Arab Emirates |
Astro Digital | 3 | USA |
Avanti Communications, PLC | 3 | United Kingdom |
Dauria Aerospace | 3 | Russia |
German Orbital Systems | 3 | Germany |
HawkEye 360 | 3 | USA |
HEAD Aerospace | 3 | China |
Hellas-Sat Consortium Ltd. | 3 | Greece |
Maxar Technologies Inc. | 3 | USA |
MEASAT Satellite Systems Sdn. Bhd. | 3 | Malaysia |
Nagoya University and Daido University | 3 | Japan |
PT Telkomunikasi | 3 | Indonesia |
Russian Federal Space Agency | 3 | Russia |
Samara State Aerospace University, SGAU | 3 | Russia |
Sky and Space Global, UK | 3 | United Kingdom |
Space-Communication Ltd. | 3 | Israel |
Telenor Satellite Broadcasting | 3 | Norway |
Thaicom Public Company Ltd. | 3 | Thailand |
Turksat | 3 | Turkey |
Tyvak Nanosatellite Systems, Inc. | 3 | USA |
AISTech | 2 | Spain |
Arab Satellite Communications Org. (ASCO) | 2 | Multinational |
ArSat | 2 | Argentina |
Astrocast | 2 | Switzerland |
Bigelow Aerospace | 2 | USA |
China Electronic Technology Group | 2 | China |
Elbit Systems | 2 | Israel |
German Aerospace Center (DLR) | 2 | Germany |
Ghalam LLP | 2 | Kazakhstan |
Hiber Global | 2 | Netherlands |
Hughes Space and Communications Co. | 3 | USA |
Innovation Academy for Microsatellites, Chinese Academy of Sciences/unnamed German firm | 2 | China/Germany |
JSC KazSat | 2 | Kazakhstan |
Kepler Communications | 2 | Canada |
Mobile Satellite Ventures | 2 | USA/Canada |
NanoAvionics | 2 | Lithuania |
NBN Co (operated by Optus) | 2 | Australia |
SpaceQuest | 2 | USA |
Spot Image | 2 | France/Belgium/Sweden |
SRI International | 2 | USA |
Thuraya Satellite Communications | 2 | United Arab Emirates |
Tiger Innovations | 2 | USA |
University of California | 2 | USA |
ViaSat, Inc. | 2 | USA |
Weathernews, Inc. | 2 | Japan |
XM Satellite Radio USA | 2 | USA |
1Worldspace | 1 | USA |
ACME AtronOmatic (MyRadar) | 1 | Germany |
Aerospace Corporation | 1 | USA |
AgilSpace | 1 | Singapore |
Airbus | 1 | ESA |
Alibaba | 1 | China |
Astranis | 1 | USA |
Astro Live Experiences | 1 | Japan |
ATL (Advanced Technology of Laser) | 1 | Hungary |
Axelspace | 1 | Japan |
Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI) | 1 | Indonesia |
Beijing Future Navigation Technology Co. Ltd. | 1 | China |
Beijing Landview Mapping Information Technology Co. Ltd (BLMIT) | 1 | China |
Beijing ZeroG Technology Co. Ltd. | 1 | China |
Bulsatcom | 1 | Bulgaria |
Canon Electronics | 1 | Japan |
Capella Space | 1 | USA |
Changchun Institute of Optics | 1 | China |
Chengdu Guoxing Aerospace Technology Co. Ltd. | 1 | China |
China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC) | 1 | China |
Ciel Satellite Group | 1 | Canada |
DigitalGlobe Corporation | 1 | USA |
Earthi/Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. | 1 | United Kingdom |
Es’hailSat | 1 | Qatar |
Exseed Space | 1 | India |
Fossa Systems | 1 | Spain |
GalaxySpace | 1 | China |
GasTianta and GZH-HNJ BDS AGR Co., Ltd. | 1 | China |
General Atomics - Electromagnetic Systems Group | 1 | USA |
GHGSat, Inc. | 1 | Canada |
Global Eagle Entertainment | 1 | USA |
GomSpace ApS | 1 | Denmark |
Harris Corporation | 1 | USA |
Helios Wire | 1 | USA |
Hera Systems | 1 | USA |
Hisdesat | 1 | Spain |
Horizons 2 Satellite, LLC (Intelsat, Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation) | 1 | USA/Japan |
Horizons 2 Satellite, LLC (Intelsat, Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation) | 1 | USA/Japan |
ImageSat International, NV/Ministry of Defense | 1 | Israel |
Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) | 1 | India |
iQPS | 1 | Japan |
iSky Technology | 1 | Czech Republic |
Italian Defense Ministry/Telespazio | 1 | Italy |
LightSquared | 1 | USA |
Link Space Aerospace Technology | 1 | China |
MDA Corporation | 1 | Canada |
Microspace Rapid Pvt Ltd. | 1 | Singapore |
Momentus | 1 | USA |
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/SES Americom (SES [Société Européenne des Satellites (SES)]) | 1 | USA |
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (JPN) | 1 | Japan |
NigComSat | 1 | Nigeria |
Northwest Nazarene University | 1 | USA |
NSLComm | 1 | Israel |
OHB Italia | 1 | Italy |
Orbital Micro Systems Ltd. | 1 | USA |
Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)/PakSat International | 1 | Pakistan |
Planetary Resources | 1 | USA |
PT Indosat | 1 | Indonesia |
PT Pasifik Satelit Nusantara | 1 | Indonesia |
Qiansheng Exploration Technology Co. Ltd. | 1 | China |
Reaktor Space Lab | 1 | Finland |
Regional African Satellite Communications Organization (RASCOM) | 1 | Multinational |
SatRevolution | 1 | Poland |
Shanghai Lizheng Satellite Application Technology | 1 | China |
Singapore Telecommunications Ltd. (SingTel)/Chunghwa Telecom Co. Ltd. | 1 | Singapore/Taiwan |
Sky Mexico | 1 | Mexico |
SkyFox Labs | 1 | Czech Republic |
Space Logistics LLC | 1 | USA |
Space OK (Shanghai Ok Space Co Ltd.) | 1 | China |
SpacePharma | 1 | Switzerland |
Sputnix Ltd. | 1 | Russia |
Stara Space | 1 | USA |
Surrey Space Center | 1 | United Kingdom |
Telebras/Brazilian Air Force | 1 | Brazil |
TerraStar Corporation | 1 | USA |
Turkmenistan Ministry of Communications/SSI-Monaco | 1 | Turkmenistan/Monaco |
UK Government/Surrey Satellite Technologies | 1 | United Kingdom |
University of Vigo/Alén Space | 1 | Spain |
UnseenLabs | 1 | France |
Utah State University | 1 | USA |
WildBlue Communications | 1 | USA |
Xinwei Telecom Technology Company | 1 | China |
Aerospace Corporation | USA | |
Aerospace Corporation | USA | |
Aerospace Corporation | USA | |
Aerospace Corporation | USA | |
Aerospace Corporation | USA | |
Aerospace Corporation | USA | |
Aerospace Corporation | USA | |
Aerospace Corporation | USA | |
Aerospace Corporation | USA | |
Aerospace Corporation | USA | |
Aerospace Corporation | USA | |
AISTech | Spain | |
Al Yah Satellite Communications Co. (YAHSAT) | United Arab Emirates | |
Al Yah Satellite Communications Co. (YAHSAT) | United Arab Emirates | |
Aprize Satellite | Canada | |
Aprize Satellite | USA/Argentina | |
Aprize Satellite | USA/Argentina | |
Aprize Satellite | USA/Argentina | |
Aprize Satellite | USA/Argentina | |
Aprize Satellite Argentina | Argentina | |
Aprize Satellite Argentina | Argentina | |
Aprize Satellite Argentina | Argentina | |
Aprize Satellite Argentina | Argentina | |
APT Satellite Holdings Ltd. | China | |
APT Satellite Holdings Ltd. | China | |
APT Satellite Holdings Ltd. | China | |
Arab Satellite Communications Org. (ASCO) | Multinational | |
ArSat | Argentina | |
Asia Broadcast Satellite Ltd. | Multinational | |
Asia Broadcast Satellite Ltd. | Multinational | |
Asia Broadcast Satellite Ltd. | Multinational | |
Asia Broadcast Satellite Ltd. | Multinational | |
Asia Broadcast Satellite Ltd. | Multinational | |
Asia Satellite Telecommunications Co. Ltd. | China | |
Asia Satellite Telecommunications Co. Ltd. | China | |
Asia Satellite Telecommunications Co. Ltd. | China | |
Asia Satellite Telecommunications Co. Ltd. | China | |
Asia Satellite Telecommunications Co. Ltd. | China | |
Astro Digital | USA | |
Astro Digital | USA | |
Astrocast | Switzerland | |
Avanti Communications, PLC | United Kingdom | |
Avanti Communications, PLC | United Kingdom | |
Beijing Commsat Technology Development Co. Ltd. | China | |
Beijing Commsat Technology Development Co. Ltd. | China | |
Beijing Commsat Technology Development Co. Ltd. | China | |
Beijing Commsat Technology Development Co. Ltd. | China | |
Beijing Commsat Technology Development Co. Ltd. | China | |
Beijing Commsat Technology Development Co. Ltd. | China | |
Beijing Space View Technology | China | |
Beijing Space View Technology | China | |
Beijing Space View Technology | China | |
Bigelow Aerospace | USA | |
BlackSky Global | USA | |
BlackSky Global | USA | |
BlackSky Global | USA | |
BlackSky Global | USA | |
Broadcasting Satellite System Corp. | Japan | |
Broadcasting Satellite System Corp. | Japan | |
Broadcasting Satellite System Corp./Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation | Japan | |
Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd. | China | |
Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd. | China | |
Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd. | China | |
Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd. | China | |
Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd. | China | |
Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd. | China | |
Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd. | China | |
Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd. | China | |
Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd. | China | |
Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd. | China | |
Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd. | China | |
Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd. | China | |
Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd. | China | |
Chang Guang Satellite Technology Co. Ltd. | China | |
China Electronic Technology Group | China | |
China Satellite Communication Corp. (China Satcom) | China | |
China Satellite Communication Corp. (China Satcom) | China | |
China Satellite Communication Corp. (China Satcom) | China | |
China Satellite Communication Corp. (China Satcom) | China | |
China Satellite Communication Corp. (China Satcom) | China | |
China Satellite Communication Corp. (China Satcom) | China | |
Dauria Aerospace | Russia/USA | |
Dauria Aerospace | Russia/USA | |
DirecTV, Inc. | USA | |
DirecTV, Inc. | USA | |
DirecTV, Inc. | USA | |
DirecTV, Inc. | USA | |
DirecTV, Inc. | USA | |
DirecTV, Inc. | USA | |
DirecTV, Inc. | USA | |
DirecTV, Inc. | USA | |
DirecTV, Inc. | USA | |
DirecTV, Inc. | USA | |
DirecTV, Inc. | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
DoD/US Air Force | USA | |
Echostar Satellite Services, LLC | USA | |
Echostar Satellite Services, LLC | USA | |
Echostar Satellite Services, LLC | USA | |
Echostar Satellite Services, LLC | USA | |
Echostar Satellite Services, LLC | USA | |
Echostar Satellite Services, LLC | USA | |
Echostar Satellite Services, LLC | USA | |
Echostar Satellite Services, LLC | USA | |
Echostar Satellite Services, LLC | USA | |
Echostar Satellite Services, LLC | USA | |
Echostar Satellite Services, LLC | USA | |
Echostar Satellite Services, LLC/Intelsat | USA | |
Elbit Systems | Israel | |
Embratel Star One | Brazil | |
Embratel Star One | Brazil | |
Embratel Star One | Brazil | |
Embratel Star One | Brazil | |
Embratel Star One | Brazil | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
European Space Agency (ESA) | ESA | |
EUTELSAT Americas | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT Americas | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A. -- leased from Loral Skynet Satellite Services (Loral Global Alliance) | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A./Es'hailSat | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A./Nilesat | Multinational | |
EUTELSAT S.A./Nilesat | Multinational | |
exactEarth | Canada | |
exactEarth | Canada | |
exactEarth | Canada | |
Fleet Space Technologies | Australia | |
Fleet Space Technologies | Australia | |
Fleet Space Technologies | Australia | |
Gazprom Space Systems | Russia | |
Gazprom Space Systems | Russia | |
Gazprom Space Systems | Russia | |
Gazprom Space Systems | Russia | |
GeoOptics Inc. | USA | |
GeoOptics Inc. | USA | |
GeoOptics Inc. | USA | |
GeoOptics Inc. | USA | |
GeoOptics Inc. | USA | |
GeoOptics Inc. | USA | |
German Aerospace Center (DLR)/Infoterra | Germany | |
German Orbital Systems | Germany | |
German Orbital Systems | Germany | |
Ghalam LLP | Kazakhstan | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Globalstar | USA | |
Gonets Satcom | Russia | |
Gonets Satcom | Russia | |
Gonets Satcom | Russia | |
Gonets Satcom | Russia | |
Gonets Satcom | Russia | |
Gonets Satcom | Russia | |
Gonets Satcom | Russia | |
Gonets Satcom | Russia | |
Gonets Satcom | Russia | |
Gonets Satcom | Russia | |
Gonets Satcom | Russia | |
Gonets Satcom | Russia | |
Gonets Satcom | Russia | |
Gonets Satcom | Russia | |
Guodian Gaoke | China | |
Guodian Gaoke | China | |
Guodian Gaoke | China | |
Guodian Gaoke | China | |
Guodian Gaoke | China | |
HawkEye 360 | USA | |
HawkEye 360 | USA | |
HEAD Aerospace | China | |
HEAD Aerospace | China | |
Hellas-Sat Consortium Ltd. | Greece | |
Hellas-Sat Consortium Ltd./INMARSAT | Greece/United Kingdom | |
Hiber Global | Netherlands | |
Hispamar (subsidiary of Hispasat - Spain) | Spain | |
Hispamar (subsidiary of Hispasat - Spain) | Spain | |
Hispamar (subsidiary of Hispasat - Spain) | Spain | |
Hispasat | Spain | |
Hispasat | Spain | |
Hispasat | Spain | |
HughesNet leased from Echostar Technologies, LLC | USA | |
ICEYE Ltd. | Finland | |
ICEYE Ltd. | Finland | |
ICEYE Ltd. | Finland | |
INMARSAT, Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
INMARSAT, Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
INMARSAT, Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
INMARSAT, Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
INMARSAT, Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
INMARSAT, Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
INMARSAT, Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
INMARSAT, Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
INMARSAT, Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
INMARSAT, Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
INMARSAT, Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
INMARSAT, Ltd./European Space Agency (ESA) | United Kingdom/ESA | |
Innovation Academy for Microsatellites, Chinese Academy of Sciences/unnamed German firm | China/Germany | |
Intelsat S.A./Sky Perfect JSAT Corp. | USA | |
International Organization of Space Communications (Intersputnik) | Russia | |
International Organization of Space Communications (Intersputnik) | Russia | |
International Organization of Space Communications (Intersputnik) | Russia | |
International Organization of Space Communications (Intersputnik) | Russia | |
International Organization of Space Communications (Intersputnik) | Russia | |
International Organization of Space Communications (Intersputnik) | Russia | |
International Organization of Space Communications (Intersputnik) | Russia | |
International Organization of Space Communications (Intersputnik) | Russia | |
International Organization of Space Communications (Intersputnik) | Russia | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
Iridium Communications, Inc. | USA | |
JSC KazSat | Kazakhstan | |
Kepler Communications | United Kingdom | |
Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) | South Korea | |
Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) | South Korea | |
Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) | South Korea | |
KT Corporation | South Korea | |
KT Corporation | South Korea | |
KT Corporation/Korean Agency for Defense Development (ADD) | South Korea | |
Maxar Technologies Inc. | USA | |
Maxar Technologies Inc. | USA | |
MEASAT Satellite Systems Sdn. Bhd. | Malaysia | |
MEASAT Satellite Systems Sdn. Bhd. | Malaysia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Ministry of Defense | Russia | |
Mobile Satellite Ventures | USA/Canada | |
Nagoya University and Daido University | Japan | |
Nagoya University and Daido University | Japan | |
NanoAvionics | Lithuania | |
NBN Co (operated by Optus) | Australia | |
Ningxia Jingui Information Technology Co. Ltd. | China | |
Ningxia Jingui Information Technology Co. Ltd. | China | |
Ningxia Jingui Information Technology Co. Ltd. | China | |
Ningxia Jingui Information Technology Co. Ltd. | China | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
O3b Networks Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
OneWeb Satellites | United Kingdom | |
Optus Communications (Parent: Singapore Telecom) | Australia | |
Optus Communications (Parent: Singapore Telecom) | Australia | |
Optus Communications (Parent: Singapore Telecom) | Australia | |
Optus Communications (Parent: Singapore Telecom)/Australian Ministry of Defense | Australia | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
ORBCOMM Inc. | USA | |
PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.) | USA | |
PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.) | USA | |
PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.) | USA | |
PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.) | USA | |
PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.) | USA | |
PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.) | USA | |
PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.) | USA | |
PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.) | USA | |
PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.)/DirecTV, Inc. | USA | |
PanAmSat (Intelsat S.A.)/Sky Perfect JSAT Corp. | USA/Japan | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
Planet Labs, Inc. | USA | |
PT Telkomunikasi | Indonesia | |
PT Telkomunikasi | Indonesia | |
RapidEye AG | Germany | |
RapidEye AG | Germany | |
RapidEye AG | Germany | |
RapidEye AG | Germany | |
Riyadh Space Research Institute | Saudi Arabia | |
Riyadh Space Research Institute | Saudi Arabia | |
Riyadh Space Research Institute | Saudi Arabia | |
Riyadh Space Research Institute | Saudi Arabia | |
Riyadh Space Research Institute | Saudi Arabia | |
Riyadh Space Research Institute | Saudi Arabia | |
Russian Federal Space Agency | Russia | |
Russian Federal Space Agency | Russia | |
Samara State Aerospace University, SGAU | Russia | |
Samara State Aerospace University, SGAU | Russia | |
Satellogic S.A. | Argentina | |
Satellogic S.A. | Argentina | |
Satellogic S.A. | Argentina | |
Satellogic S.A. | Argentina | |
Satellogic S.A. | Argentina | |
Satellogic S.A. | Argentina | |
Satellogic S.A. | Argentina | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A. | Netherlands | |
SES S.A. | Netherlands | |
SES S.A. | Netherlands | |
SES S.A. | Netherlands | |
SES S.A. | Netherlands | |
SES S.A. | Netherlands | |
SES S.A. | Netherlands | |
SES S.A. | Sweden | |
SES S.A. | USA | |
SES S.A. | USA | |
SES S.A. | USA | |
SES S.A. | USA | |
SES S.A. | USA | |
SES S.A. | USA | |
SES S.A. | USA | |
SES S.A. | USA | |
SES S.A. | USA | |
SES S.A. | USA | |
SES S.A. -- total capacity leased to subsidiary of EchoStar Corp. | USA | |
SES S.A./EchoStar Satellite Services, LLC | Luxembourg | |
SES S.A./Gogo | USA | |
Sirius XM Holdings | USA | |
Sirius XM Holdings | USA | |
Sirius XM Holdings | USA | |
Sirius XM Holdings | USA | |
Sirius XM Holdings | USA | |
Sky and Space Global, UK | United Kingdom | |
Sky and Space Global, UK | United Kingdom | |
Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation | Japan | |
Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation | Japan | |
Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation | Japan | |
Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation | Japan | |
Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation | Japan | |
Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation | Japan | |
Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation | Japan | |
Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation | Japan | |
Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation | Japan | |
Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation | Japan | |
Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation | Japan | |
Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation | Japan | |
Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation/DSN Corp. | Japan | |
Sky Perfect JSAT Corporation/Kacific | Japan/Singapore | |
Space-Communication Ltd. | Israel | |
Space-Communication Ltd. | Israel | |
SpaceQuest, Ltd. | USA | |
Spacety Aerospace Co. | China | |
Spacety Aerospace Co. | China | |
Spacety Aerospace Co. | China | |
Spacety Aerospace Co. | China | |
Spacety Aerospace Co./Changsha Gaoxinqu Tianyi Research Institute | China | |
Spacety Aerospace Co./Changsha Gaoxinqu Tianyi Research Institute | China | |
Spacety Aerospace Co./ThrustMe | China/France | |
SpaceX | USA | |
SpaceX | USA | |
SpaceX | USA | |
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SpaceX | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
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Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spire Global Inc. | USA | |
Spot Image | France/Belgium/Sweden | |
SRI International | USA | |
Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. | United Kingdom | |
Swarm Technologies | USA | |
Swarm Technologies | USA | |
Swarm Technologies | USA | |
Swarm Technologies | USA | |
Swarm Technologies | USA | |
Swarm Technologies | USA | |
Swarm Technologies | USA | |
Swarm Technologies | USA | |
Telenor Satellite Broadcasting | Norway | |
Telenor Satellite Broadcasting | Norway | |
Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.) | Canada | |
Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.) | Canada | |
Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.) | Canada | |
Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.) | Canada | |
Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.) | Canada | |
Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.) | Canada | |
Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.) | Canada | |
Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.) | Canada | |
Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.) | Canada | |
Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.) | Canada | |
Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.) | Canada | |
Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.) | Canada | |
Telesat Canada Ltd. (BCE, Inc.)/APT Satellite Holdings Ltd. | Canada | |
Thaicom Public Company Ltd. | Thailand | |
Thaicom Public Company Ltd. | Thailand | |
Thuraya Satellite Communications | United Arab Emirates | |
Tiger Innovations | USA | |
Turksat | Turkey | |
Turksat | Turkey | |
Tyvak Nanosatellite Systems, Inc. | USA | |
Tyvak Nanosatellite Systems, Inc. | USA | |
University of California | USA | |
ViaSat, Inc. | USA | |
Weathernews, Inc. | Japan | |
XM Satellite Radio USA | USA | |
Zhuhai Orbita Aerospace Science and Technology Co. | China | |
Zhuhai Orbita Aerospace Science and Technology Co. | China | |
Zhuhai Orbita Aerospace Science and Technology Co. | China | |
Zhuhai Orbita Aerospace Science and Technology Co. | China | |
Zhuhai Orbita Control Engineering Co. Ltd. | China | |
Zhuhai Orbita Control Engineering Co. Ltd. | China | |
Zhuhai Orbita Control Engineering Co. Ltd. | China | |
Zhuhai Orbita Control Engineering Co. Ltd. | China | |
Zhuhai Orbita Control Engineering Co. Ltd. | China | |
Zhuhai Orbita Control Engineering Co. Ltd. | China | |
Zhuhai Orbita Control Engineering Co. Ltd. | China | |
Zhuhai Orbita Control Engineering Co. Ltd. | China | |
Cubesats, microsats, nanosats, and more—the new space race is all about small satellites.
With its flock of small EO satellites, or “doves”, Planet Labs now has more than 150 satellites in operation (however, in April 2020, the number exceeded 250, as per above data).
Even Amazon is preparing for space. In July of 2020, the FCC granted approval for Jeff Bezos’s tech empire to launch and operate an internet constellation of 3,236 satellites.
Nations that Dominate Earth’s Orbit
It may be no surprise that the United States, China, and Russia top the list of countries with operational satellites.
The U.S. and Russia (then the USSR) piloted the space race throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Both nations are found in the top three of current satellite operators, with the U.S. operating nearly half of all satellites—1,308 as of April 2020.
China trails the U.S. with approximately 356 satellites. Taking third spot, Russia has 167 satellites in operation, and the UK comes in at a close fourth with 130 satellites.
Collectively, the above five countries operate roughly 76% of the world’s satellites.
The New Space Race
Where the original space race was a nationalistic competition between Cold War rivals, the new space race is collaborative and commercialized.
Today, international cooperation allows for the deployment of satellites, as well as space-based science. Before SpaceX, NASA and the other space agencies that operate the International Space Station had been reliant on Russian Soyuz rockets for hundreds of missions.
With the success of its famed reusable rockets, SpaceX is on track to reduce launch costs by as much as US$6 million per flight—which is likely to support the proliferation of satellites in the coming years.
With improved technology and commercial partnerships, all signs point to a crowded orbit.
Correction: In the table, Intelsat was listed as having 36 owned satellites in operation. The correct number is 51.
Misc
The 44 Closest Stars and How They Compare to our Sun
This graphic visualizes the 44 closest stars, revealing key facts such as distance from Earth, brightness, and whether potential planets are in orbit.
Published
8 months agoon
June 26, 2020
44 Closest Stars and How They Compare to our Sun
Humans have been fascinated by the stars in the night sky since the dawn of time.
We’ve been decoding the mysteries of celestial bodies for many centuries, but it is only in the last 200 years or so that we’ve been able to glean more detailed information on the lights that dot the night sky. Friedrich Bessel’s method of stellar parallax was a breakthrough in accurately measuring the positions of stars, and opened new doors in the effort to map our universe. Today, high-powered telescopes offer even more granular data on our cosmic neighborhood.
The infographic above, from Alan’s Factory Outlet, categorizes the 44 closest stars to Earth, examining the size, luminosity, constellations, systems, and potential planets of each star.
Our Nearest Stellar Neighbors
Our closest neighboring stars are all part of the same solar system: Alpha Centauri. This triple star system – consisting of Proxima Centauri, Alpha Centauri A, and Alpha Centauri B – attracts a lot of interest because it hosts planets, including one that may be similar to Earth.
The planet, Proxima Centauri b, is a lot closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun. However, because Proxima Centauri is a smaller and cooler red dwarf type star, the planet’s orbit is within the habitable zone. It’s thought that Proxima Centauri b receives approximately the same amount of solar energy as Earth does from our Sun.
Here’s a full list of the 44 of the closest stars to Earth:
Star Name | Distance (light years) | MoE |
---|---|---|
Sun | 0.000016 | ±0.0011 |
Proxima Centauri | 4.37 | ±0.0068 |
α Centauri A | 4.37 | ±0.0068 |
α Centauri B | 4.37 | ±0.0068 |
Barnard's Star | 5.96 | ±0.0032 |
Wolf 359 | 7.86 | ±0.031 |
Lalande 21185 | 8.31 | ±0.014 |
Sirius A | 8.66 | ±0.010 |
Sirius B | 8.66 | ±0.010 |
Luyten 726-8 A | 8.79 | ±0.012 |
Luyten 726-8 B | 8.79 | ±0.012 |
Ross 154 | 9.70 | ±0.0019 |
Ross 248 | 10.29 | ±0.0041 |
Epsilon Eridani | 10.45 | ±0.016 |
Lacaille 9352 | 10.72 | ±0.0016 |
Ross 128 | 11.01 | ±0.0026 |
EZ Aquarii A | 11.11 | ±0.034 |
61 Cygni A | 11.40 | ±0.0012 |
61 Cygni B | 11.40 | ±0.0012 |
Procyon A | 11.40 | ±0.032 |
Procyon B | 11.40 | ±0.032 |
Struve 2398 A | 11.49 | ±0.0012 |
Struve 2398 B | 11.49 | ±0.0012 |
Groombridge 34 A | 11.62 | ±0.0008 |
Groombridge 34 B | 11.62 | ±0.0008 |
DX Cancri | 11.68 | ±0.0056 |
Tau Ceti | 11.75 | ±0.022 |
Epsilon Indi | 11.87 | ±0.011 |
Gliese 1061 | 11.98 | ±0.0029 |
YZ Ceti | 12.11 | ±0.0035 |
Luyten's Star | 12.20 | ±0.036 |
Teegarden's Star | 12.50 | ±0.013 |
SCR 1845-6357 | 13.05 | ±0.008 |
Kapteyn's Star | 12.83 | ±0.0013 |
Lacaille 8760 | 12.95 | ±0.0029 |
Kruger 60 A | 13.07 | ±0.0052 |
Kruger 60 B | 13.07 | ±0.0052 |
Wolf 1061 | 14.05 | ±0.0038 |
Wolf 424 A | 14.05 | ±0.26 |
Van Maanen's star | 14.07 | ±0.0023 |
Gliese 1 | 14.17 | ±0.0037 |
TZ Arietis | 14.58 | ±0.0070 |
Gliese 674 | 14.84 | ±0.0033 |
Gliese 687 | 14.84 | ±0.0022 |
Even though we see many of these stars in the night sky, humans aren’t likely to see them in person any time soon. To put these vast distances into perspective, if the Voyager spacecraft were to travel to Proxima Centauri, it would take over 73,000 years to finally arrive.
The Brightest Stars in the Sky
The closest stars aren’t necessarily the ones most visible to us here on Earth. Here are the top 10 stars in terms of visual brightness from Earth:
Rank | Proper name | Constellation | Visual magnitude (mV) | Distance (light years) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Sun | N/A | −26.74 | 0.000016 |
2 | Sirius | Canis Major | −1.46 | 8.6 |
3 | Canopus | Carina | −0.74 | 310.0 |
4 | Rigil Kentaurus & Toliman | Centaurus | −0.27 (0.01 + 1.33) | 4.4 |
5 | Arcturus | Boötes | −0.05 | 37.0 |
6 | Vega | Lyra | 0.03 (−0.02–0.07var) | 25.0 |
7 | Capella | Auriga | 0.08 (0.03–0.16var) | 43.0 |
8 | Rigel | Orion | 0.13 (0.05–0.18var) | 860.0 |
9 | Procyon | Canis Minor | 0.34 | 11.0 |
10 | Achernar | Eridanus | 0.46 (0.40–0.46var) | 139.0 |
Excluding our Sun, the brightest star visible from Earth is Sirius, or the Dog Star. Sirius, which is about 25 times more luminous than the sun, visually punctuates the constellation Canis Major.
Filling in the Gaps
The next step in learning more about our surroundings in the cosmos will be seeing which of the stars listed above have planets orbiting them. So far, the 44 stars in the infographic have over 40 planets scattered among them, though new discoveries are made all the time.
With each new mission and discovery, we learn a little bit more about our pocket of the universe.
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