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Ranked: The Best U.S. States for Retirement

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Best states for retirement 2023

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Ranked: The Best U.S. States for Retirement

What is the most important aspect of retirement planning?

If you said finances, you’re probably right. But have you ever thought about where the best place is to retire? Being strategic about location can make a big impact on your quality of life, and perhaps help your savings go just a bit further.

To help break it down, we’ve visualized data from personal finance platform, WalletHub, which ranked the best U.S. states for retirement as of 2023.

Data and Methodology

WalletHub ranked each state using 47 metrics across three dimensions.

  • Affordability (7 metrics worth 40 points)
  • Quality of Life (22 metrics worth 30 points)
  • Health Care (18 metrics worth 30 points)

Here are some examples of what each dimension measures:

  • Affordability: Cost of living and taxation
  • Quality of Life: Quality of elder-abuse protections and crime rates
  • Health Care: Number of health professionals per capita and life expectancy

Visit the source for the full list of metrics.

The final scores (visualized as the bars in the infographic above) represent each state’s weighted average across all metrics. See below for more comprehensive results.

RankStateScoreAffordability
(rank)
Quality of Life
(rank)
Health Care
(rank)
1Virginia57.6161111
2TFlorida57.49428
2TColorado57.414275
4Wyoming55.65938
5Delaware55.563318
6New Hampshire55.03157
7South Dakota53.625309
8Minnesota53.54021
9Idaho53.2151731
10North Dakota53.0222520
11Utah52.7202426
12North Carolina52.6122335
13Missouri52.4172832
14Pennsylvania52.336312
15TMontana52.1241529
15TSouth Carolina52.143839
17Massachusetts51.94712
18California51.6321910
19Alaska51.326368
20Arizona51.1183525
21Wisconsin50.9341417
22Alabama50.714450
23Ohio49.827837
24Hawaii49.738294
25Nebraska49.3371615
26Iowa48.9351224
27Georgia48.674042
28Michigan48.0291836
29TMaine47.543613
29TNew Mexico47.5214630
31Indiana47.3233140
32TNevada47.2114241
32TTennessee47.224845
34TVermont47.14876
34TConnecticut47.144263
36Kansas46.8303233
37West Virginia46.434349
38Oregon46.1412121
39Texas45.9283734
40Rhode Island45.0393914
41Arkansas44.784944
42Maryland44.6462019
43Washington44.5451323
44Illinois44.3422227
45Louisiana43.9134547
46New York43.7501016
47Oklahoma43.6194743
48Mississippi40.8105048
49New Jersey40.2493422
50Kentucky38.8334146

According to this methodology, Virginia is currently the best state for retirement. Although the Southeastern state does not excel in any one dimension, it scores consistently well across all three to create a very balanced retirement profile.

This gives it a slight advantage over second place Florida, which excels in quality of life and affordability, but falls further behind in terms of health care. Third-placed Colorado is a mirror of Florida, offering excellent health care but a lower quality of life in comparison.

How to Interpret These Results

It’s important to remember that this ranking is purely based on data and the methodology above, and may not be tailored to your individual preferences.

For example, if you believe that health services will be very important during retirement, you may rank Minnesota (#1 in terms of health care) much higher than eighth place.

You may notice that prioritizing one dimension will often come at a trade-off in others. Looking at Minnesota once more, we can see that the state is also one of America’s most expensive.

Looking to retire outside of the U.S.? Check out this graphic on the top 25 countries to retire in.

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Personal Finance

Mapped: What You Need to Earn to Own a Home in 50 American Cities

What does it take to own a home in the U.S. in 2023? Here’s a look at the salary needed for home ownership in the top 50 metro areas.

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A cropped map of the U.S. with the median home price as well as the salary needed to own a home 50 American cities.

What You Need to Earn to Own a Home in 50 American Cities

Once a fundamental part of the American dream, the ability to own a home is drifting farther and farther away for many Americans.

Between skyrocketing prices, stagnating wages, and now rising interest rates, the deck seems to be increasingly stacked against home ownership.

Using May 2023 data tabulated by Home Sweet Home, we map out the annual salary needed to afford a 30-year mortgage (at 6.37%) to buy a home in America’s 50 most populous metropolitan areas.

The monthly minimum mortgage payment includes taxes and insurance as well, and is capped at roughly one-third of the income. This analysis also assumes that the homeowner will put down a 20% down payment.

The Least and Most Affordable American Cities to Own a Home

At the top of the list, and at the very west of the country, San Jose is the least affordable city to own a home for the average American.

One would have to earn at least $374,000 a year to afford a $1.6 million dollar home in the city.

To put those numbers into perspective, the median American annual income is $75,000, about one-fifth what’s required to buy a home in San Jose.

Here’s a look at the annual earnings needed to afford a home in all 50 largest cities in the U.S., ranked from least to most affordable.

RankMetro AreaStateMedian Home PriceAnnual Salary
1San JoseCalifornia$1,618,400$373,696
2San FranciscoCalifornia$1,192,600$282,167
3San DiegoCalifornia$880,000$209,110
4Los AngelesCalifornia$746,800$181,106
5SeattleWashington$699,300$170,340
6BostonMassachusetts$644,400$165,239
7New York CityNew York$577,300$160,233
8DenverColorado$636,100$150,622
9Washington, D.C.N/A$557,200$139,911
10MiamiFlorida$560,000$137,574
11PortlandOregon$556,800$136,147
12Riverside/San
Bernardino
California$550,000$133,607
13AustinTexas$467,900$128,995
14SacramentoCalifornia$500,000$125,304
15Salt Lake CityUtah$522,700$122,717
16ProvidenceRhode Island$417,000$112,281
17OrlandoFlorida$419,900$104,772
18DallasTexas$372,400$103,460
19PhoenixArizona$439,700$103,112
20RaleighNorth Carolina$420,000$102,572
21Las VegasNevada$431,400$101,310
22TampaFlorida$390,000$97,387
23MinneapolisMichigan$361,500$94,466
24HartfordConnecticut$314,900$93,861
25CharlotteNorth Carolina$387,200$93,735
26JacksonvilleFlorida$370,000$93,422
27BaltimoreMaryland$357,800$93,378
28NashvilleTennessee$385,800$93,168
29ChicagoIllinois$321,000$92,868
30HoustonTexas$327,000$91,826
31MilwaukeeWisconsin$339,600$89,752
32AtlantaGeorgia$354,300$89,198
33RichmondVirginia$362,300$88,769
34San AntonioTexas$320,500$88,683
35PhiladelphiaPennsylvania$315,300$87,293
36Virginia BeachVirginia$313,200$79,336
37Kansas CityMissouri$291,000$76,147
38ColumbusOhio$284,700$76,133
39IndianapolisIndiana$289,300$71,409
40New OrleansLouisiana$265,200$68,946
41MemphisTennessee$268,600$68,005
42BirminghamAlabama$276,500$67,773
43CincinnatiOhio$252,200$66,260
44BuffaloNew York$206,800$63,386
45St LouisMissouri$231,100$63,260
46DetroitMichigan$227,000$62,758
47LouisvilleKentucky$246,000$62,741
48Oklahoma CityOklahoma$227,300$62,161
49ClevelandOhio$191,400$55,515
50PittsburghPennsylvania$175,000$50,316
National$371,200$97,204

Other Californian cities, San Francisco (ranked 2nd), San Diego (3rd), and Los Angeles (4th) all require an annual income of at least $180,000 to attempt home ownership within their metropolitan boundaries.

Boston (ranked 6th) and New York (ranked 7th) represent unaffordability on the East Coast, both requiring at least $160,000 a year to buy homes there.

It’s not just the coasts that are expensive however. To buy a home in Denver (ranked 8th) and Salt Lake City (15th) means earning more than $120,000 a year.

However, cities in the Midwest and South, like Pittsburgh, Detroit, Oklahoma City, and Louisville, are far more affordable, requiring less than $63,000 a year to buy a home.

Interest Rates Rock Home Ownership Chances

Aside from the obvious price differences in housing markets, a key factor that has elevated income requirements across the board is the rapid rise in interest rates in the last year. In fact the average 30-year mortgage has pushed past 7%, the highest it’s been since the 2000s.

This means that while the median price of a house in San Jose has actually come down between 2022 and 2023, the minimum monthly payment has increased from $7,717 to $8,720 this year.

RankMetro AreaStateMedian Home PriceMonthly Payment
1San JoseCalifornia$1,618,400$8,720
2San FranciscoCalifornia$1,192,600$6,584
3San DiegoCalifornia$880,000$4,879
4Los AngelesCalifornia$746,800$4,226
5SeattleWashington$699,300$3,975
6BostonMassachusetts$644,400$3,856
7New York CityNew York$577,300$3,739
8DenverColorado$636,100$3,515
9Washington, D.C.N/A$557,200$3,265
10MiamiFlorida$560,000$3,210
11PortlandOregon$556,800$3,177
12Riverside/San
Bernardino
California$550,000$3,118
13AustinTexas$467,900$3,010
14SacramentoCalifornia$500,000$2,924
15Salt Lake CityUtah$522,700$2,863
16ProvidenceRhode Island$417,000$2,620
17OrlandoFlorida$419,900$2,445
18DallasTexas$372,400$2,414
19PhoenixArizona$439,700$2,406
20RaleighNorth Carolina$420,000$2,393
21Las VegasNevada$431,400$2,364
22TampaFlorida$390,000$2,272
23MinneapolisMichigan$361,500$2,204
24HartfordConnecticut$314,900$2,190
25CharlotteNorth Carolina$387,200$2,187
26JacksonvilleFlorida$370,000$2,180
27BaltimoreMaryland$357,800$2,179
28NashvilleTennessee$385,800$2,174
29ChicagoIllinois$321,000$2,167
30HoustonTexas$327,000$2,143
31MilwaukeeWisconsin$339,600$2,094
32AtlantaGeorgia$354,300$2,081
33RichmondVirginia$362,300$2,071
34San AntonioTexas$320,500$2,069
35PhiladelphiaPennsylvania$315,300$2,037
36Virginia BeachVirginia$313,200$1,851
37Kansas CityMissouri$291,000$1,777
38ColumbusOhio$284,700$1,776
39IndianapolisIndiana$289,300$1,666
40New OrleansLouisiana$265,200$1,609
41MemphisTennessee$268,600$1,587
42BirminghamAlabama$276,500$1,581
43CincinnatiOhio$252,200$1,546
44BuffaloNew York$206,800$1,479
45St LouisMissouri$231,100$1,476
46DetroitMichigan$227,000$1,464
47LouisvilleKentucky$246,000$1,464
48Oklahoma CityOklahoma$227,300$1,450
49ClevelandOhio$191,400$1,295
50PittsburghPennsylvania$175,000$1,174
National$371,200$2,268

So to afford a median-priced home in the country, an American needs to earn closer to $100,000 a year, up from $75,500 in 2022. And even then, they would be priced out of owning a home in nearly half of the 50 largest cities in the country.

As a result Americans may yet further delay home ownership. Renting is now a far more attractive option, thanks to the biggest difference between rent and mortgages in over 50 years.

Where Does This Data Come From?

Source: Home Sweet Home (HSH).

Note: HSH used different sources for their median home prices, mortgage rate, property taxes and home insurance figures for their analysis. Please visit their website for more information.

Other: If other personal debts exceed 8% of one’s given monthly gross income, this may increase the salary needed to qualify for a mortgage.

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