Brands
American Companies That Failed in China
American Companies That Failed in China
For decades, China has been a top priority for American companies looking to expand.
This is because the country’s middle class is simply enormous, growing from 3.1% to 50.8% of the country’s total population between the years 2000 and 2018. According to Brookings, there are now at least 700 million people in China’s middle class, and this group has never had more disposable income to spend on consumer goods and services.
Despite the size and potential of the market, China is not an easy place for foreign businesses to enter. As this infographic shows, many of America’s biggest names eventually admitted defeat.
Companies by Tenure
The following table lists the tenures of every company included in the graphic.
It’s worth noting that Google’s parent company, Alphabet, still maintains a physical presence in China. Google’s services were banned by the Chinese government in 2010.
Company | Enter Date | Exit Date | Tenure in months |
---|---|---|---|
eBay | July 2003 | December 2006 | 41 |
Amazon | August 2004 | July 2019 | 178 |
Yahoo! | September 1999 | November 2021 | 266 |
Best Buy | May 2006 | March 2011 | 58 |
The Home Depot | December 2006 | September 2012 | 69 |
January 2006 | March 2010 | 50 | |
Forever 21 (1st attempt) | June 2008 | June 2009 | 12 |
Forever 21 (2nd attempt) | December 2011 | April 2019 | 88 |
Forever 21 (3rd attempt) | August 2021 | Ongoing | Ongoing |
Groupon | March 2011 | June 2012 | 15 |
Uber | July 2014 | August 2016 | 25 |
Macy's | August 2015 | December 2018 | 40 |
February 2014 | October 2021 | 92 |
Dates were gathered from various media reports and sources. There may be small deviations from when a company actually entered or exited.
The reasons for why these companies withdrew are surprisingly similar, and can be broken down into two broad categories.
Retailers Fail to Adapt
Failing to adapt to the cultural differences of Chinese consumers is a common mistake. Here’s how two American retailers learned this lesson the hard way.
Best Buy
Best Buy struggled because Chinese consumers were not willing to pay a premium for brand-name electronics. Local retailers could often source similar (or counterfeit) goods for much cheaper, and undercut Best Buy’s prices.
“Why buy a Sony DVD player or Nokia phone at Best Buy when you can pay less for the exact same product at a local store?”
– Shaun Rein, China Market Research Group
Best Buy also made the mistake of bringing over its large flagship stores, which were out of reach for most consumers. Due to severe traffic congestion, locals preferred smaller shops that were closer to home.
Home Depot
The Home Depot expanded into China around the same time as Best Buy, but unfortunately it was another cultural mismatch.
Home Depot failed to acknowledge that “do it yourself” repairs are not a strong cultural match for China. Labor costs are relatively low, so rather than do the work themselves, many homeowners prefer to rather hire someone else to do it. On the other side of the equation, the American brand failed to win over contractors doing the repairs and renovations.
The Home Depot’s product offerings were also left unchanged from America, making them a poor match for local tastes. As a point of comparison, IKEA has had a presence in China since 1998, and continues to open new stores to this day.
Tech Firms Clash with Regulators
Uber’s experiences in China make a good case study on how American tech firms struggle to succeed in Asia’s biggest economy.
For starters, breaking into the Chinese market was incredibly expensive. Uber spent billions on subsidies to attract customers and drivers, and losses were quickly piling up. To make matters worse, domestic rivals like DiDi were also handing out subsidies.
On the operational side, Uber ran into several hurdles. To avoid issues with China’s data localization laws, the company needed servers on Chinese soil. Its navigation provider, Google Maps, also had limited accuracy in the country. This left Uber with no choice but to partner with Baidu, a Chinese tech company.
The final straw, however, was likely a set of impending regulations which targeted the ride-hailing industry. Under these rules, Uber risked losing control of its data, and would need both provincial and national regulatory approvals for its activities. Even further, subsidies would also no longer be allowed.
Uber realized that doing business in China was unsustainable, but its exit wasn’t exactly a failure. In 2016, Uber sold its assets to rival DiDi and took an 18.8% stake in the company. Ironically, DiDi is now embroiled in a conflict with Chinese regulators over its listing on the NYSE.
The Tech Fallout Continues
Since Uber’s departure, the Chinese government has increased their grip over the tech industry. This has driven more American firms out of the country, including Yahoo and LinkedIn, which is now owned by Microsoft.
Both firms announced their withdrawals in 2021 and were rather clear about why they made the decision. Yahoo cited its commitment to a “free and open” internet, while LinkedIn says its decision was due to a “considerably more difficult operating environment and higher regulatory requirements”.
Given the geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and China, companies that generate data (often seen as a national security concern) are likely to continue facing regulatory hurdles.
Outside of tech, China is still a massive opportunity for American businesses. By 2027, the country’s middle class is expected to reach 1.2 billion people, or one quarter of the global total.
Markets
Ranked: Top 10 Most Valuable Airline Brands Since 2013
Airline brands have seen big up and down swings in valuation as of late. See how the 10 largest brand have changed from 2013 to 2022.

Top 10 Most Valuable Airline Brands Since 2013
The global airline industry was experiencing strong growth before the pandemic wiped out years of momentum.
Global travel went from 1.9 billion scheduled passengers per year in 2004 to 4.7 billion in 2019, before dropping back down to 1.8 billion in 2020. And while the recovery story has begun, the values of the top airline brands have been significantly impacted.
This graphic from Julie R. Peasley shows the most valuable airline brands from 2013 to 2022, using data from Brand Finance. Each airline brand is also categorized by home continent.
Most Valuable Airlines From 2013‒2022
After two back-to-back years of suffered declines, brand values for the top airlines changed course and rose in 2022.
American companies have long dominated the airline space when categorized by brand value. American Airlines, Delta, United, and Southwest have represented four of the top five since 2017, with their brands worth a collective value of $24.1 billion in 2022.
Company | Brand Value ($B) | Region |
---|---|---|
Delta | $7.3 | North America |
American Airlines | $6.3 | North America |
United Airlines | $5.5 | North America |
Emirates | $5.0 | Middle East |
Southwest Airlines | $5.0 | North America |
Air Canada | $2.5 | North America |
Air China | $2.4 | Asia |
Lufthansa | $2.3 | Europe |
China southern | $2.3 | Asia |
ANA | $2.3 | Asia |
First-place Delta in particular has remained in either the top spot or second place since 2014. On the other hand, second-place American Airlines was not even in the top 10 in 2013, but rapidly climbed past companies like United, Lufthansa, and British Airways.
Emirates is also a serious competitor and has won numerous awards for customer service. The UAE-based airliner even held the most valuable title for four consecutive years from 2013 to 2016.
Will Airline Brands Recover?
While views amongst some airline executives are a lot more optimistic now, it’s fair to say the pandemic resulted in some considerable industry turmoil.
After all, in 2020 industry revenues declined by 54% from $838 billion in 2019.
As a result, you’ll notice each brand is below their historic high values. But as travel is projected to make a full comeback, recovery and higher brand values might be on the horizon.
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