Commodities
Charted: What’s Driving the U.S. Trade Deficit?
How Manufactured Goods Dominate the U.S. Trade Deficit
The United States has had many major trading partners over the decades, with annual imports and exports from them both totaling trillions of dollars.
Ever since the 1970s, the country’s imports started to overshadow exports and the U.S. trade deficit began to grow. Once the 1990s began, fueled by globalization-friendly policies around the world and cheap international goods, the trade deficit began to climb even more rapidly.
In this graphic, Ehsan Soltani uses data from the World Trade Organization to highlight the role of manufactured goods in the rising U.S. trade deficit over the last three decades.
U.S. Trade Deficit in Goods From 1990 to 2022
In 2022, the U.S. trade deficit for goods hit $1.31 trillion, consisting of more than $3 trillion in imports and offset by $2 trillion in exports. That’s a growth of 40% over a decade from a deficit $791 billion in 2012.
Year | U.S. Exports (Total) | U.S. Imports (Total) | Trade Surplus/Deficit |
---|---|---|---|
2022 | $2,065B | $3,376B | -$1,311B |
2021 | $1,754B | $2,935B | -$1,183B |
2020 | $1,425B | $2,407B | -$982B |
2019 | $1,643B | $2,567B | -$924B |
2018 | $1,664B | $2,614B | -$950B |
2017 | $1,546B | $2,408B | -$862B |
2016 | $1,451B | $2,250B | -$799B |
2015 | $1,503B | $2,315B | -$813B |
2014 | $1,621B | $2,413B | -$792B |
2013 | $1,580B | $2,329B | -$749B |
2012 | $1,546B | $2,337B | -$791B |
2011 | $1,483B | $2,266B | -$784B |
2010 | $1,278B | $1,969B | -$691B |
2009 | $1,056B | $1,605B | -$549B |
2008 | $1,287B | $2,169B | -$882B |
2007 | $1,148B | $2,020B | -$872B |
2006 | $1,026B | $1,918B | -$892B |
2005 | $901B | $1,733B | -$832B |
2004 | $815B | $1,526B | -$711B |
2003 | $725B | $1,303B | -$578B |
2002 | $693B | $1,200B | -$507B |
2001 | $729B | $1,179B | -$450B |
2000 | $782B | $1,259B | -$477B |
1999 | $696B | $1,059B | -$364B |
1998 | $682B | $944B | -$262B |
1997 | $689B | $899B | -$210B |
1996 | $625B | $822B | -$197B |
1995 | $585B | $771B | -$186B |
1994 | $513B | $689B | -$177B |
1993 | $465B | $603B | -$139B |
1992 | $448B | $554B | -$106B |
1991 | $422B | $508B | -$87B |
1990 | $394B | $517B | -$123B |
When compared to trade numbers from the early 1990s and 2000s, its clear how much U.S. trade as a whole has grown.
In 1992, the U.S. trade deficit for goods sat at only $106 billion, with imports totaling $554 billion and exports totaling $448 billion. Just a decade later by 2002, the deficit had already climbed by five times.
Manufactured Goods Trade Outshines Fuel
Analyzing the subtleties in the country’s deficit in traded goods also shows how U.S. reliance on other countries has changed over the years.
In 1990, the deficit incurred from trading manufactured goods—which doesn’t include fuel, mining production, agricultural products, or services—contributed to 69% of the total U.S. goods trade deficit.
Year | U.S. Exports (Manufactured) | U.S. Imports (Manufactured) | Trade Surplus/Deficit |
---|---|---|---|
2022 | $1,196B | $2,569B | -$1,372B |
2021 | $1,079B | $2,256B | -$1,177B |
2020 | $915B | $1,892B | -$976B |
2019 | $1,036B | $1,994B | -$958B |
2018 | $1,050B | $2,016B | -$966B |
2017 | $1,008B | $1,872B | -$864B |
2016 | $969B | $1,775B | -$806B |
2015 | $1,008B | $1,811B | -$803B |
2014 | $1,052B | $1,752B | -$700B |
2013 | $1,020B | $1,650B | -$629B |
2012 | $1,009B | $1,619B | -$610B |
2011 | $969B | $1,524B | -$555B |
2010 | $872B | $1,369B | -$497B |
2009 | $725B | $1,122B | -$397B |
2008 | $973B | $1,417B | -$443B |
2007 | $909B | $1,409B | -$500B |
2006 | $829B | $1,350B | -$522B |
2005 | $674B | $1,238B | -$564B |
2004 | $618B | $1,134B | -$516B |
2003 | $589B | $990B | -$401B |
2002 | $571B | $934B | -$363B |
2001 | $602B | $906B | -$303B |
2000 | $646B | $968B | -$322B |
1999 | $575B | $843B | -$268B |
1998 | $558B | $758B | -$199B |
1997 | $553B | $699B | -$145B |
1996 | $485B | $634B | -$150B |
1995 | $450B | $608B | -$158B |
1994 | $399B | $540B | -$141B |
1993 | $356B | $465B | -$109B |
1992 | $340B | $420B | -$79B |
1991 | $319B | $380B | -$61B |
1990 | $290B | $376B | -$85B |
Since then, despite the country exporting billions of dollars of products, the deficit caused by imported manufactured goods has only grown. In 2021, it crossed $1 trillion in deficit alone.
Part of that growth is directly tied to increasing imports from China over the 21st century. From 2001 to 2018, China’s exports to the U.S. accounted for 59% of the latter’s increasing manufacturing trade deficit, ranging in goods from electronics to machinery.
However, the U.S. managed to recover some of this deficit through surplus fuel exports, which have been increasing over the same time period.
Year | Fuel Exports | Fuel Imports | Fuel Surplus/Deficit |
---|---|---|---|
2022 | $378B | $323B | $56B |
2021 | $240B | $224B | $16B |
2020 | $155B | $130B | $25B |
2019 | $200B | $210B | $-10B |
2018 | $193B | $242B | $-49B |
2017 | $139B | $204B | $-65B |
2016 | $94B | $163B | $-69B |
2015 | $104B | $200B | $-96B |
2014 | $155B | $358B | $-203B |
2013 | $149B | $389B | $-240B |
2012 | $137B | $433B | $-295B |
2011 | $130B | $463B | $-332B |
2010 | $81B | $364B | $-283B |
2009 | $55B | $279B | $-224B |
2008 | $77B | $502B | $-425B |
2007 | $42B | $372B | $-330B |
2006 | $35B | $345B | $-310B |
2005 | $27B | $301B | $-275B |
2004 | $19B | $217B | $-198B |
2003 | $14B | $163B | $-149B |
2002 | $12B | $122B | $-110B |
2001 | $13B | $129B | $-116B |
2000 | $13B | $140B | $-126B |
1999 | $10B | $79B | $-69B |
1998 | $10B | $62B | $-52B |
1997 | $13B | $83B | $-70B |
1996 | $12B | $77B | $-65B |
1995 | $10B | $63B | $-53B |
1994 | $9B | $60B | $-51B |
1993 | $10B | $59B | $-49B |
1992 | $11B | $59B | $-47B |
1991 | $12B | $58B | $-46B |
1990 | $12B | $69B | $-56B |
Historically the U.S. was a larger fuel consumer than producer, and was heavily affected by soaring oil prices from 2003 to the Great Recession. In 2008, the United States trade deficit in fuel hit $425 billion.
But a boom in shale oil production has seen the country rapidly increase production and exports, becoming the world’s largest crude oil producer. Despite falling oil prices, by 2020 the U.S. managed to erase its fuel trade deficit.
Will The U.S. Trade Deficit Keep Growing?
The dominance of manufactured goods in the U.S. trade deficit poses a significant challenge for policymakers and businesses.
On one hand, the country’s reliance on other countries for cheaper parts and labor has allowed its economy to benefit. But it has also become increasingly susceptible to tariffs, slowdowns in other countries, and trade wars.
While there are efforts in place to promote domestic manufacturing, such as in semiconductor chips, the effects have yet to dent the goods trade deficit.
This article was published as a part of Visual Capitalist's Creator Program, which features data-driven visuals from some of our favorite Creators around the world.
Commodities
Ranked: Top 10 Countries by Value of All Their Natural Resources
Russia leads the pack with natural resources valued at $75 trillion.
Ranked: Top Countries by Natural Resource Value
This was originally posted on our Voronoi app. Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.
Natural resources are the backbone of modern manufacturing, necessary to produce everything around us.
According to 2021 data from Statista, 10 countries dominate the global natural resource landscape, each holding vast reserves critical for various industries.
Russia’s $75 Trillion in Natural Resources
Russia leads the pack with natural resources valued at $75 trillion, largely consisting of coal, natural gas, oil, and rare earth metals. At the end of 2018, Russia’s Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment valued the country’s mineral reserves at approximately $1.44 trillion.
In terms of global share, Russia is unmatched in natural gas, holding the world’s largest proven reserves at 1.32 quadrillion cubic feet as of 2020—nearly 20% of the global total. Russia also ranks as a gold powerhouse.
Other Resource Giants
The United States ranks second, with an estimated $45 trillion in natural resources, including coal, timber, natural gas, and valuable metals like gold.
Country | Main Natural Resources | Value (in trillion USD) |
---|---|---|
🇷🇺 Russia | Coal, natural gas, oil, gold, timber, rare earth metals | 75 |
🇺🇸 U.S. | Coal, timber, natural gas, gold, copper | 45 |
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia | Oil, timber | 34 |
🇨🇦 Canada | Oil, uranium, timber, natural gas, phosphate | 33 |
🇮🇷 Iran | Oil, natural gas | 27 |
🇨🇳 China | Coal, rare earth metals, timber | 23 |
🇧🇷 Brazil | Gold, uranium, iron, timber, oil | 22 |
🇦🇺 Australia | Coal, timber, copper, iron ore, gold, uranium | 20 |
🇮🇶 Iraq | Oil, phosphate rock | 16 |
🇻🇪 Venezuela | Iron, natural gas, oil | 14 |
In Saudi Arabia and Canada, oil wealth drives natural resources, placing these countries third and fourth on the list. Saudi Arabia, with its vast oil fields, has been a leader in global energy markets. Canada, on the other hand, also benefits from substantial uranium deposits and is home to some of the world’s largest lumber companies.
Further down the list, China has vast coal reserves, positioning it as the top producer of the fuel.
Mineral-rich Brazil and Australia are leading producers of metals like iron ore, while Australia is also a top exporter of coal.
Learn More on the Voronoi App
If you enjoyed this graphic, make sure to check out this graphic that shows how global coal consumption is still rising.
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