Business
Visualizing Annual Working Hours in OECD Countries
Visualizing Annual Working Hours in OECD Countries
Comparing the number of hours people work in different countries can provide insight into cultural work norms, economic productivity, and even labor laws.
With this in mind, we’ve ranked OECD countries (plus a few others) based on their average annual hours worked. Note that this data includes both full-time and part-time workers.
Data and Highlights
The data we sourced from OECD is listed in the table below. All figures are as of 2021 (latest available), with the exception of Colombia, Russia, and Türkiye which are as of 2020.
Country | Average annual hours worked |
---|---|
🇲🇽 Mexico | 2,128 |
🇨🇷 Costa Rica | 2,073 |
🇨🇴 Colombia | 1,964 |
🇨🇱 Chile | 1,916 |
🇰🇷 South Korea | 1,910 |
🇲🇹 Malta* | 1,882 |
🇷🇺 Russia* | 1,874 |
🇬🇷 Greece | 1,872 |
🇷🇴 Romania* | 1,838 |
🇭🇷 Croatia* | 1,835 |
🇵🇱 Poland | 1,830 |
🇺🇸 United States | 1,791 |
🇮🇪 Ireland | 1,775 |
🇪🇪 Estonia | 1,767 |
🇨🇿 Czech Republic | 1,753 |
🇮🇱 Israel | 1,753 |
🇨🇾 Cyprus* | 1,745 |
🇳🇿 New Zealand | 1,730 |
🌐 OECD average | 1,716 |
🇭🇺 Hungary | 1,697 |
🇦🇺 Australia | 1,694 |
🇨🇦 Canada | 1,685 |
🇮🇹 Italy | 1,669 |
🇵🇹 Portugal | 1,649 |
🇪🇸 Spain | 1,641 |
🇱🇹 Lithuania | 1,620 |
🇧🇬 Bulgaria* | 1,619 |
🇯🇵 Japan | 1,607 |
🇱🇻 Latvia | 1,601 |
🇸🇮 Slovenia | 1,596 |
🇸🇰 Slovakia | 1,583 |
🇹🇷 Türkiye | 1,572 |
🇨🇭 Switzerland | 1,533 |
🇫🇮 Finland | 1,518 |
🇬🇧 United Kingdom | 1,497 |
🇧🇪 Belgium | 1,493 |
🇫🇷 France | 1,490 |
🇸🇪 Sweden | 1,444 |
🇦🇹 Austria | 1,442 |
🇮🇸 Iceland | 1,433 |
🇳🇴 Norway | 1,427 |
🇳🇱 Netherlands | 1,417 |
🇱🇺 Luxembourg | 1,382 |
🇩🇰 Denmark | 1,363 |
🇩🇪 Germany | 1,349 |
*Non-OECD country
At the top is Mexico, where the average worker clocks over 2,000 hours per year. This reflects the country’s labor dynamics, which typically involves a six-day workweek. For context, 2,128 hours is equal to 266 eight-hour workdays.
The only other country to surpass 2,000 annual hours worked per worker is Costa Rica, which frequently tops the World Economic Forum’s Happy Planet Index (HPI). The HPI is a measure of wellbeing, life expectancy, and ecological footprint.
Looking at the other end of the list, the two countries that work the fewest hours are Germany and Denmark. This is reflective of the strong labor laws in these countries as well as their emphasis on work-life balance.
For example, the German Working Hours Act (Arbeitszeitgesetz) states that daily hours of work may not exceed eight hours. Days can be extended to 10 hours, but only if it averages out to eight hours per working day over a six-month period.
Working fewer hours doesn’t mean that a country is becoming less productive, though. Germany is known for its high value industries like automotive and pharmaceuticals, where robotics and other technologies can greatly enhance productivity.
This is supported by GDP per capita, in which Germany has grown substantially since 2000.
Limitations of this Data
A limitation of this dataset is that it aggregates both full-time and part-time workers. This means that in a country like Japan, where almost 40% of the workforce is non-regular (part-time, contract, etc.), the average figure could be skewed downwards.
Japan is known for its grueling office culture, and it’s likely that many workers are logging significantly more hours than the 1,607 figure reported.
If you enjoy comparisons like these, consider taking a look at our ranking of cities with the best work-life balance.
Markets
Ranked: 15 of the World’s Least Affordable Housing Markets
This map examines middle-income housing market affordability across eight major countries, highlighting some of the least affordable cities.

Ranked: 15 of the World’s Least Affordable Housing Markets
When considering where to live, big cities are attractive to people for a number of reasons, but affordability is usually not one of them.
This map, using data from Demographia, highlights the major cities ranked the worst for housing market affordability on a global basis.
Unaffordable Housing Markets
Demographia’s report looks at middle-income housing affordability in 94 cities in eight countries, many of which are known for having pricy housing markets:
- 🇦🇺 Australia
- 🇨🇦 Canada
- 🇨🇳 China (Hong Kong)
- 🇮🇪 Ireland
- 🇳🇿 New Zealand
- 🇸🇬 Singapore
- 🇬🇧 United Kingdom
- 🇺🇸 United States
For the 2023 report, it uses 2022 Q3 prices and income levels for evaluation, dividing the median house price by the gross median household income to find the median multiple for housing.
And for the first time in the history of Demographia’s reporting, not a single of the 94 cities scored below 3.0, the cutoff to be deemed “affordable.” Here’s a closer look at the least affordable markets in 2023:
Rank | City | Housing Median Multiple |
---|---|---|
1 | 🇭🇰 Hong Kong | 18.8 |
2 | 🇦🇺 Sydney | 13.3 |
3 | 🇨🇦 Vancouver | 12.0 |
4 | 🇺🇸 Honolulu | 11.8 |
5 | 🇺🇸 San Jose | 11.5 |
6 | 🇺🇸 Los Angeles | 11.3 |
7 | 🇳🇿 Auckland | 10.8 |
8 | 🇺🇸 San Francisco | 10.7 |
9 | 🇦🇺 Melbourne | 9.9 |
10 | 🇨🇦 Toronto | 9.5 |
11 | 🇺🇸 San Diego | 9.4 |
12 | 🇬🇧 London | 8.7 |
13 | 🇺🇸 Miami | 8.5 |
14 | 🇦🇺 Adelaide | 8.2 |
15 | 🇬🇧 Bournemouth & Dorset | 8.0 |
For well over a decade now, Hong Kong has taken the top spot as the least affordable market globally. The only city to become even less affordable year over year was Los Angeles.
On the flip side, the most affordable city in the U.S. was Pittsburgh, with the median multiple sitting at 3.1. As people start to get priced out of certain markets, they may start to move to these more affordable cities.
Zooming out farther, here are the housing market affordability scores for all eight jurisdictions covered in this report:
Country / Jurisdiction | Housing Median Multiple |
---|---|
🇭🇰 Hong Kong | 18.8 |
🇳🇿 New Zealand | 10.8 |
🇦🇺 Australia | 8.2 |
🇨🇦 Canada | 5.3 |
🇸🇬 Singapore | 5.3 |
🇬🇧 UK | 5.3 |
🇮🇪 Ireland | 5.1 |
🇺🇸 U.S. | 5.0 |
Again, none of these countries are considered affordable, but within each there is a wide range of scores. Hong Kong is significantly less affordable than the second-place New Zealand and third-place Australia.
Scores across Canada, Singapore, the UK, Ireland and the U.S., however, are quite similar.
Better Cities for Housing Market Affordability
While many people flock to big cities, evidenced by the fact that many of the least affordable places are also among the most populous, others are opting to live somewhere more in their price range.
Here’s a glance at some of the most affordable housing markets worldwide:
Rank | City | Housing Median Multiple |
---|---|---|
1 | 🇺🇸 Pittsburgh, PA | 3.1 |
2 | 🇺🇸 Rochester, NY | 3.2 |
3 | 🇺🇸 Cleveland, OH | 3.5 |
3 | 🇺🇸 St. Louis, MO-IL | 3.5 |
5 | 🇺🇸 Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN | 3.6 |
5 | 🇺🇸 Oklahoma City, OK | 3.6 |
7 | 🇺🇸 Buffalo, NY | 3.7 |
8 | 🇺🇸 Detroit, MI | 3.8 |
9 | 🇺🇸 Louisville, KY-IN | 3.9 |
9 | 🇺🇸 Tusla, OK | 3.9 |
11 | 🇨🇦 Edmonton, AB | 4.0 |
11 | 🇺🇸 Hartford, CT | 4.0 |
11 | 🇺🇸 Kansas City, MO-KS | 4.0 |
14 | 🇺🇸 Columbus, OH | 4.1 |
14 | 🇺🇸 Grand Rapid, MI | 4.1 |
14 | 🇺🇸 Indianapolis, IN | 4.1 |
14 | 🇺🇸 Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN-WI | 4.1 |
14 | 🇺🇸 Philadelphia, PA-NJ-DE-MD | 4.1 |
All of the top 18 most affordable cities covered in the report are located in North America.
While big, global cities will certainly continue to attract talent and residents from all over, the more affordable cities may gain new residents for more practical financial reasons.
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