Demographics
Charted: The Global Decline of Fertility Rates
Charted: The Global Decline of Fertility Rates
Over the last 50 years, fertility rates have dropped drastically around the world. In 1952, the average global family had five children—now, they have less than three.
This graphic by Pablo Alvarez uses tracked fertility rates from Our World in Data to show how rates have evolved (and largely fallen) over the past decades.
What’s The Difference Between Fertility Rates and Birth Rates?
Though both measures relate to population growth, a country’s birth rate and fertility rate are noticeably different:
- Birth Rate: The total number of births in a year per 1,000 individuals.
- Fertility Rate: The total number of births in a year per 1,000 women of reproductive age in a population.
As such, the fertility rate is a more specific measure, which as Britannica highlights, “allows for more efficient and beneficial planning and resource allocation.” Not including immigration, a given area needs an overall total fertility rate of 2.1 to keep a stable population.
Global Fertility Rates since 1952
For the last half-century, fertility rates have steadily decreased worldwide. Here’s a look at the average number of children per woman since 1952:
Year | Average # of children per family | % change (y-o-y) |
---|---|---|
1951 | 5.0 | -0.5% |
1952 | 5.0 | -1.4% |
1953 | 4.9 | -0.7% |
1954 | 4.9 | -0.5% |
1955 | 4.9 | -0.3% |
1956 | 4.9 | -0.1% |
1957 | 4.9 | 0.1% |
1958 | 4.9 | 0.3% |
1959 | 4.9 | 0.4% |
1960 | 5.0 | 0.5% |
1961 | 5.0 | 0.5% |
1962 | 5.0 | 0.4% |
1963 | 5.0 | 0.3% |
1964 | 5.0 | 0.1% |
1965 | 5.0 | -0.2% |
1966 | 5.0 | -0.5% |
1967 | 5.0 | -0.8% |
1968 | 4.9 | -1.1% |
1969 | 4.8 | -1.4% |
1970 | 4.7 | -1.8% |
1971 | 4.6 | -2.1% |
1972 | 4.5 | -2.5% |
1973 | 4.4 | -2.7% |
1974 | 4.3 | -2.9% |
1975 | 4.2 | -2.9% |
1976 | 4.0 | -2.8% |
1977 | 3.9 | -2.7% |
1978 | 3.8 | -2.4% |
1979 | 3.8 | -2.1% |
1980 | 3.7 | -1.7% |
1981 | 3.6 | -1.3% |
1982 | 3.6 | -1.0% |
1983 | 3.6 | -0.8% |
1984 | 3.6 | -0.7% |
1985 | 3.5 | -0.8% |
1986 | 3.5 | -1.0% |
1987 | 3.4 | -1.4% |
1988 | 3.4 | -1.7% |
1989 | 3.3 | -2.1% |
1990 | 3.2 | -2.4% |
1991 | 3.1 | -2.6% |
1992 | 3.1 | -2.6% |
1993 | 3.0 | -2.4% |
1994 | 2.9 | -2.2% |
1995 | 2.9 | -1.8% |
1996 | 2.8 | -1.5% |
1997 | 2.8 | -1.3% |
1998 | 2.8 | -1.1% |
1999 | 2.7 | -1.1% |
2000 | 2.7 | -0.9% |
2001 | 2.7 | -0.9% |
2002 | 2.7 | -0.7% |
2003 | 2.6 | -0.6% |
2004 | 2.6 | -0.6% |
2005 | 2.6 | -0.5% |
2006 | 2.6 | -0.5% |
2007 | 2.6 | -0.5% |
2008 | 2.6 | -0.5% |
2009 | 2.6 | -0.5% |
2010 | 2.5 | -0.5% |
2011 | 2.5 | -0.5% |
2012 | 2.5 | -0.5% |
2013 | 2.5 | -0.5% |
2014 | 2.5 | -0.4% |
2015 | 2.5 | -0.4% |
2016 | 2.5 | -0.4% |
2017 | 2.5 | -0.4% |
2018 | 2.5 | -0.4% |
2019 | 2.5 | -0.4% |
2020 | 2.4 | -0.4% |
Why are women having fewer children? There are a number of theories and empirical research studies to help explain this decrease, but according to Dr. Max Roser, the founder of Our World in Data, most of the literature boils down to three main factors:
- Women’s empowerment, particularly in education and the workforce
- Lower child mortality
- Increased cost to raising children
Research has found that higher education in women is correlated with lower fertility. For instance, in Iran in the 1950s, women had an average of three years of schooling and raised seven children on average.
But by 2010, when Iranian women had nine years of schooling on average, the average fertility rate in the country had dropped to 1.8.
This theory is further supported when you look at countries where women’s education is still relatively lagging. For instance, in 2010, women in Niger had 1.3 years of education on average, and an average of more than seven children—more than double the global average at that time.
The Societal Impact
Lower fertility rates, coupled with increased life expectancies around the world, are creating an aging population. Since 1950, the global median age has grown from 25 years to 33 years.
An older population comes with a number of economic risks, including rising healthcare costs and a smaller global workforce.
According to a report by the World Bank, the world’s working-age population peaked back in 2012. Since then, it’s been on the decline.
A smaller working population puts more pressure on those who are working to support those who are collecting pensions. This could ultimately lead to an economic slowdown if countries don’t prepare and alter their pension systems accordingly, to account for our aging population.

This article was published as a part of Visual Capitalist's Creator Program, which features data-driven visuals from some of our favorite Creators around the world.
Healthcare
Charted: How American Life Expectancy Compares to Its Peers
American life expectancy is falling behind peer nations—see the long term trend in this infographic.

How American Life Expectancy Compares to Its Peers
This was originally posted on our Voronoi app. Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.
Key Takeaways
- American life expectancy at birth is falling further behind that of comparable nations
- The gap has increased from 2.2 years in 2000, to 4.1 years in 2023
For decades, Americans could expect to live about as long as their peers in other wealthy countries—but today, that story is changing.
Based on a 2025 analysis by Peterson-KFF, American life expectancy is now lagging significantly behind comparable nations, with the gap growing wider than ever before.
From chronic diseases to healthcare disparities, multiple factors are contributing to Americans dying younger. In this infographic, we take a look at how the U.S. stacks up—and how quickly it’s falling behind.
Data and Discussion
The data we used to create this graphic is included in the table below.
The comparable country group is based on averages across 11 nations: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK.
Year | U.S. (yrs) | Comparable Country Average (yrs) |
---|---|---|
1980 | 73.7 | 74.6 |
1981 | 74.1 | 74.8 |
1982 | 74.5 | 75.1 |
1983 | 74.6 | 75.3 |
1984 | 74.7 | 75.7 |
1985 | 74.7 | 75.7 |
1986 | 74.7 | 76 |
1987 | 74.9 | 76.4 |
1988 | 74.9 | 76.5 |
1989 | 75.1 | 76.7 |
1990 | 75.4 | 76.9 |
1991 | 75.5 | 77.1 |
1992 | 75.8 | 77.3 |
1993 | 75.5 | 77.4 |
1994 | 75.7 | 77.8 |
1995 | 75.8 | 77.8 |
1996 | 76.1 | 78.1 |
1997 | 76.5 | 78.4 |
1998 | 76.7 | 78.6 |
1999 | 76.7 | 78.7 |
2000 | 76.8 | 79 |
2001 | 77 | 79.3 |
2002 | 77 | 79.4 |
2003 | 77.2 | 79.5 |
2004 | 77.6 | 80.1 |
2005 | 77.6 | 80.2 |
2006 | 77.8 | 80.6 |
2007 | 78.1 | 80.8 |
2008 | 78.2 | 81 |
2009 | 78.5 | 81.2 |
2010 | 78.7 | 81.4 |
2011 | 78.7 | 81.6 |
2012 | 78.8 | 81.6 |
2013 | 78.8 | 81.8 |
2014 | 78.9 | 82.1 |
2015 | 78.7 | 81.9 |
2016 | 78.7 | 82.2 |
2017 | 78.6 | 82.3 |
2018 | 78.7 | 82.3 |
2019 | 78.8 | 82.6 |
2020 | 77 | 82 |
2021 | 76.4 | 82.2 |
2022 | 77.5 | 82.2 |
2023 | 78.4 | 82.5 |
Higher Spending, Lower Life Expectancy
According to Peterson-KFF, the U.S. has the lowest life expectancy among large, wealthy countries despite outspending its peers on healthcare.
In 2023, health spending per capita in the U.S. climbed to $13,432, versus $7,393 for the same 11 nation peer group.
This disconnect suggests inefficiencies, unequal access, and other systemic problems in the U.S. healthcare system are preventing resources from translating into longer, healthier lives.
Chronic Diseases Drag American Life Expectancy Down
A key factor behind the stagnation of life expectancy in the U.S. is the rising prevalence of chronic diseases.
This includes kidney disease, which in 2021 claimed 41 lives per 100,000 in the U.S., versus just 28 per 100,000 for the comparable country group.
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