Money

Ranked: The Largest Gold Reserves, by Country

Published

1 year ago

February 20, 2024

Sam Parker

Featured Creator

Article/Editing:

Bruno Venditti

See this visualization first on the Voronoi app.

Ranked: The Largest Gold Reserves, by Country

This was originally posted on our Voronoi app. Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

Gold remains an important store of value, serving as a hedge and retaining value during economic crises. In 2023, amid uncertainty about US interest rates and continued geopolitical risks, the metal once again demonstrated its importance by hitting a new record in December.

This graphic, by Sam Parker, displays the top 11 countries by gold reserves as of September 2023, based on data from Central Banks, the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Gold Council.

Central Bank Gold Demand

Most of the world’s gold is stored in various locations, including central bank vaults, private depositories, and jewelry holdings.

Countries maintain gold reserves for various reasons.

Firstly, gold serves as a stable and dependable store of value, enhancing confidence in a nation’s economic stability, especially during times of financial uncertainty.

Additionally, despite the waning relevance of the gold standard, some countries still deem gold reserves crucial for maintaining currency stability.

Moreover, gold’s tangibility enables countries to diversify their overall portfolio. Currently, almost one-fifth of all the gold ever mined is held by central banks.

The U.S. boasts the world’s largest gold reserves, with 8,133 tonnes stored in 12 Federal Reserve Banks across the country:

Country	Tonnes of Gold
🇺🇸 USA	8,133 t
🇩🇪 Germany	3,353 t
🇮🇹 Italy	2,452 t
🇫🇷 France	2,437 t
🇷🇺 Russia	2,333 t
🇨🇳 China	2,192 t
🇨🇭 Switzerland	1,040 t
🇯🇵 Japan	847 t
🇮🇳 India	801 t
🇳🇱 Netherlands	612 t
🇹🇷 Turkey	479 t

Russia and China—arguably the United States’ top geopolitical rivals—have been the largest gold buyers over the last two decades. The People’s Bank of China was the biggest buyer of gold last year, purchasing 225 tonnes.

Seven of the top countries by gold reserves are also among the top 10 biggest economies.

This article was published as a part of Visual Capitalist's Creator Program, which features data-driven visuals from some of our favorite Creators around the world.

Click for Comments

Money

Mapped: Financial Literacy Levels in All 50 U.S. States

Which Americans are the best at managing their money? This financial literacy audit reveals the best and worst.

Published

7 days ago

April 19, 2025

Pallavi Rao

Mapped: Financial Literacy Levels in All 50 States

This was originally posted on our Voronoi app. Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.

Key Takeaways

Minnesota is the most financially literate state, scoring 73/100 according to WalletHub’s latest analysis.
Arkansas scores the worst, with 53/100.

How well are Americans managing their money, and how does it vary between the states?

This financial literacy map attempts to answer both questions using 2025 data from WalletHub, a personal finance services company.

They ranked and scored states on three main benchmarks: financial education, financial planning (or consumer habits), and how Wallethub’s own users performed on their financial literacy survey.

ℹ️ These benchmarks are further subdivided into 17 metrics (credit score, savings, personal finance courses, etc.) and are weighted differently. Please read the source’s methodology section for a full breakdown.

The Most Financially Savvy U.S. State

See this visualization first on the Voronoi app.

Minnesota is the most financially literate U.S. state with 73 points, according to WalletHub’s latest analysis.

Here’s some sub indicators where Minnesota outperformed the rest of the country.

High-schoolers must take at least one personal finance program.
Only 15% of the surveyed Minnesotans spent more than they made—the lowest across all states.
Highest median credit score in the country (751).

And here’s how each state scores out of 100. Figures are rounded.

Rank	State	State Code	Total Score (Out of 100)
1	Minnesota	MN	73
2	Colorado	CO	69
3	Nebraska	NE	69
4	Virginia	VA	69
5	Wisconsin	WI	68
6	New Hampshire	NH	68
7	Iowa	IA	67
8	Washington	WA	67
9	Vermont	VT	67
10	New Jersey	NJ	67
11	Maryland	MD	67
12	Florida	FL	66
13	Utah	UT	66
14	Pennsylvania	PA	65
15	Maine	ME	65
16	Michigan	MI	65
17	Oregon	OR	65
18	North Carolina	NC	65
19	Ohio	OH	65
20	Indiana	IN	65
21	Missouri	MO	65
22	Arizona	AZ	64
23	Massachusetts	MA	64
24	Kansas	KS	64
25	Connecticut	CT	64
26	Delaware	DE	64
27	North Dakota	ND	64
28	West Virginia	WV	63
29	Texas	TX	63
30	Idaho	ID	63
31	Rhode Island	RI	63
32	Illinois	IL	62
33	Georgia	GA	62
34	Wyoming	WY	62
35	New York	NY	61
36	Nevada	NV	61
37	South Carolina	SC	61
38	Montana	MT	60
39	New Mexico	NM	60
40	Alabama	AL	60
41	Hawaii	HI	60
42	District of Columbia	DC	58
43	California	CA	58
44	Alaska	AK	58
45	Louisiana	LA	58
46	Mississippi	MS	58
47	Tennessee	TN	58
48	Kentucky	KY	57
49	South Dakota	SD	56
50	Oklahoma	OK	54
51	Arkansas	AR	53

Meanwhile, Arkansas tested the worst, with 53 points. Its score is impacted by having the second-worst performance on WalletHub’s financial literacy survey.

And here’s each state’s rank within the three main benchmarks.

Rank	State	WalletLiteracy Rank (50% Weight)	Financial Planning Rank (25% Weight)	Financial Knowledge Rank (25% Weight)
1	Minnesota	7	2	3
2	Colorado	8	1	20
3	Nebraska	9	25	6
4	Virginia	31	9	1
5	Wisconsin	14	6	14
6	New Hampshire	4	8	23
7	Iowa	10	27	15
8	Washington	12	3	30
9	Vermont	5	20	26
10	New Jersey	15	29	12
11	Maryland	13	11	22
12	Florida	37	16	9
13	Utah	47	10	2
14	Pennsylvania	26	23	17
15	Maine	1	28	40
16	Michigan	22	22	19
17	Oregon	46	21	4
18	North Carolina	35	37	8
19	Ohio	29	43	7
20	Indiana	33	40	10
21	Missouri	40	39	5
22	Arizona	18	33	25
23	Massachusetts	20	7	39
24	Kansas	11	35	35
25	Connecticut	50	5	11
26	Delaware	28	15	29
27	North Dakota	23	13	37
28	West Virginia	25	47	13
29	Texas	41	38	16
30	Idaho	39	19	28
31	Rhode Island	32	18	34
32	Illinois	27	32	33
33	Georgia	34	44	21
34	Wyoming	3	30	43
35	New York	24	17	42
36	Nevada	45	31	24
37	South Carolina	30	34	41
38	Montana	2	36	47
39	New Mexico	21	48	36
40	Alabama	44	42	27
41	Hawaii	19	12	48
42	District of Columbia	17	24	49
43	California	42	4	46
44	Alaska	6	14	51
45	Louisiana	43	49	32
46	Mississippi	36	51	31
47	Tennessee	49	41	38
48	Kentucky	51	45	18
49	South Dakota	16	26	50
50	Oklahoma	38	50	45
51	Arkansas	48	46	44

There’s some further insights to explain some noticeable geographic trends.

Colorado and Nebraska also require personal finance education in high school.
Kentucky, Oklahoma, and Arkansas have the lowest share of adults with emergency cash.
A higher share of Southern state residents borrow from non-bank lenders, affecting their financial planning score.

The Overlooked Part of Financial Literacy: Managing Debt

While investing in the markets is all the rage—particularly with the rise of no-fee platforms—WalletHub’s benchmarks prioritize an often overlooked part of money management: debt.

America’s credit card debt collectively crossed $1 trillion in 2023, and it’s only been growing since.

On average, American households have about $5,000 in outstanding credit card balances, which can take anywhere between one to two years to pay off depending on monthly incomes.

Of course, managing expenditures to avoid or reduce debt has been particularly difficult in the multiple years of post-pandemic inflation.