The Carbon Footprint of the Food Supply Chain

Which Foods Have the Greatest Environmental Impact?

The quantity of greenhouse gases (GHGs) generated by our food can vary considerably across the global food supply chain.

In fact, the difference between specific food types can vary by orders of magnitude, meaning what we eat could be a significant factor impacting GHG emissions on the environment.

Today’s modified chart from Our World in Data relies on data from the largest meta-analysis of food systems in history. The study, published in Science was led by Joseph Poore and Thomas Nemecek to highlight the carbon footprint across different food types across the world.

The Foods With the Highest Carbon Footprint

Worldwide, there are approximately 13.7 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) emitted through the food supply chain per year.

Across a database extending through 119 countries and 38,000 commercial farms, the study found that, unsurprisingly, beef and other animal products have an outsize effect on emissions.

For example, one kilogram (kg) of beef results in 60 kg of GHG emissions—nearly 2.5x the closest food type, lamb and mutton. In contrast, the same weight of apples produce less than one kilogram of GHG emissions.

Food Type	GHG Emissions per 1 kg Produced
Beef (beef herd)	60 kgCO2e
Lamb & Mutton	24 kgCO2e
Cheese	21 kgCO2e
Beef (dairy herd)	21 kgCO2e
Chocolate	19 kgCO2e
Coffee	17 kgCO2e
Prawns (farmed)	12 kgCO2e
Palm Oil	8 kgCO2e
Pig Meat	7 kgCO2e
Poultry Meat	6 kgCO2e
Olive Oil	6 kgCO2e
Fish (farmed)	5 kgCO2e
Eggs	4.5 kgCO2e
Rice	4 kgCO2e
Fish (wild catch)	3 kgCO2e
Milk	3 kgCO2e
Cane Sugar	3 kgCO2e
Groundnuts	2.5 kgCO2e
Wheat & Rye	1.4 kgCO2e
Tomatoes	1.4 kgCO2e
Maize (Corn)	1.0 kgCO2e
Cassava	1.0 kgCO2e
Soymilk	0.9 kgCO2e
Peas	0.9 kgCO2e
Bananas	0.7 kgCO2e
Root Vegetables	0.4 kgCO2e
Apples	0.4 kgCO2e
Citrus Fruits	0.3 kgCO2e
Nuts	0.3 kgCO2e

When it comes to plant-based foods, chocolate is among the highest GHG emitters. One kilogram of chocolate produces 19 kg of GHGs. On average, emissions from plant-based foods are 10 to 50 times lower than animal-based types.

Bottom line, it is clear that the spectrum of emissions differs significantly across each food type.

Food Supply Chain Stages

The food supply chain is complex and nuanced as it moves across each stage of the cycle.

Although the steps behind the supply chain for individual foods can vary considerably, each typically has seven stages:

1. Land Use Change
2. Farm
3. Animal Feed
4. Processing
5. Transport
6. Retail
7. Packaging

Across all foods, the land use and farm stages of the supply chain account for 80% of GHG emissions. In beef production, for example, there are three key contributing factors to the carbon footprint at these stages: animal feed, land conversion, and methane production from cows. In the U.S., beef production accounts for 40% of total livestock-related land use domestically.

On the other end of the spectrum is transportation. This stage of the supply chain makes up 10% of total GHG emissions on average. When it comes to beef, the proportion of GHGs that transportation emits is even smaller, at just 0.5% of total emissions.

Contrary to popular belief, sourcing food locally may not help GHG emissions in a very significant way, especially in the case of foods with a large carbon footprint.

The Rise of Plant-Based Alternatives

Amid a growing market share of plant-based alternatives in markets around the world, the future of the food supply chain could undergo a significant transition.

For investors, this shift is already evident. Beyond Meat, a leading provider of meat substitutes, was one of the best performing stocks of 2019—gaining 202% after its IPO in May 2019.

As rising awareness about the environment becomes more prevalent, is it possible that growing meat consumption could be a thing of the past?