Economy

The Front Line: Visualizing the Occupations with the Highest COVID-19 Risk

Published

2 years ago

April 15, 2020

Marcus Lu

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The Occupations with the Highest COVID-19 Risk

Many individuals have been practicing social distancing by working from home in recent weeks. While this arrangement can be a great way to reduce one’s exposure to COVID-19, it’s a luxury that’s available to just 29% of Americans.

The situation for the remaining 71% is uncertain, to say the least. A significant portion of the population has lost their jobs due to business shutdowns and mandated lockdown orders. Others employed in “essential services” have continued working as usual, but may face a higher risk of potential exposure to the virus.

To that end, today’s infographic leverages data from the Occupational Information Network to determine which occupations face the highest risk of exposure to COVID-19.

Methodology and Results

Our score for each occupation is based on evaluating the data on three physical job attributes covered in the occupational database:

Contact With Others:
How much does this job require the worker to be in contact with others in order to perform it?
Physical Proximity:
To what extent does this job require the worker to perform tasks in close physical proximity to others?
Exposure to Disease and Infection:
How often does this job require exposure to hazardous conditions?

We assigned each attribute an equal weight, then aggregated them to arrive at a final COVID-19 Risk Score between 0 and 100, with 100 representing the highest possible risk. Jobs with a risk score below 0.5 were excluded from further analysis.

To narrow down the list, we removed most occupations held by fewer than 20,000 people. From the remaining pool, we selected 100 well-known occupations, and included the average annual income and number of workers associated with each based on BLS data.

Occupation	COVID-19 Risk Score	Average Annual Income	Number of Employed
Dental Hygienists	99.7	$74,820	215,150
Respiratory Therapy Technicians	95.0	$60,280	129,600
Dental Assistants	92.5	$38,660	341,060
Dentists, General	92.1	$151,850	113,000
Orderlies (Patient Care Assistants)	90.2	$28,060	50,100
Family and General Practitioners	90.1	$201,100	114,130
Registered Nurses	86.1	$71,730	2,951,960
Respiratory Therapists	84.2	$60,280	129,600
Radiologic Technicians	84.1	$59,520	205,590
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses	82.1	$46,240	701,690
Surgical Technologists	80.6	$47,300	110,160
Diagnostic Medical Sonographers	80.4	$72,510	71,130
Physical Therapist Aides	80.3	$26,240	47,260
Physician Assistants	80.0	$108,610	114,710
Internists, General (Internal Medicine)	79.8	$194,500	37,820
Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians	79.3	$56,850	56,560
Physical Therapist Assistants	79.3	$58,040	94,250
Physical Therapists	78.6	$87,930	228,600
Occupational Therapists	77.7	$84,270	126,900
Flight Attendants	75.6	$56,000	118,770
Occupational Therapy Assistants	75.0	$60,220	42,660
Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers	74.9	$27,540	89,480
Nursing Assistants	72.5	$28,540	1,450,960
Medical Assistants	72.2	$33,610	673,660
Nurse Anesthetists	70.8	$167,950	43,520
Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics	70.7	$34,320	257,210
Veterinarians	70.0	$93,830	71,060
Psychiatric Technicians	69.81	$32,870	71,360
Psychiatric Aides	69.0	$29,180	56,910
Skincare Specialists	68.0	$31,290	50,740
Bus Drivers, School or Special Client	67.3	$32,420	504,150
Home Health Aides	66.3	$24,200	797,670
Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education	65.8	$55,470	131,160
Personal Care Aides	64.0	$24,020	2,211,950
Medical Equipment Preparers	63.9	$36,240	55,610
Municipal Firefighters	63.2	$49,620	321,570
First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers	62.8	$32,450	964,400
Pharmacy Technicians	62.5	$32,700	417,860
Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists	62.1	$24,730	377,210
First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers	61.0	$63,340	43,760
Nurse Practitioners	60.9	$107,030	179,650
Correctional Officers and Jailers	60.4	$44,330	415,000
Social and Human Service Assistants	60.3	$33,750	392,300
Healthcare Social Workers	58.1	$56,200	168,190
Childcare Workers	57.9	$23,240	564,630
Pharmacists	56.8	$126,120	309,550
Amusement and Recreation Attendants	56.0	$22,260	319,890
Teacher Assistants	55.7	$26,970	1,331,560
Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education	55.1	$29,780	424,520
Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education	53.8	$58,230	1,410,970
Massage Therapists	52.8	$41,420	105,160
Medical Secretaries	52.1	$35,760	585,410
Police Patrol Officers	51.8	$61,380	661,330
First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives	51.8	$89,030	116,660
Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers	51.1	$22,260	133,970
Tellers	50.9	$29,450	468,470
First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers	50.2	$38,400	228,620
Manicurists and Pedicurists	49.4	$24,330	110,170
Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity	47.8	$42,080	174,110
Food Servers, Nonrestaurant	47.6	$23,290	266,190
Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	46.6	$58,600	609,970
Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers	45.5	$22,270	455,700
Waiters and Waitresses	43.6	$21,780	2,582,410
Food Preparation Workers	42.7	$23,730	814,600
Receptionists and Information Clerks	42.6	$29,140	1,043,630
Cashiers	41.6	$22,430	3,635,550
Couriers and Messengers	41.0	$28,720	75,720
Office Clerks, General	40.5	$32,730	2,972,930
Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	40.4	$23,770	924,290
Food Service Managers	40.0	$54,240	219,160
Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop	39.5	$22,330	473,860
Retail Salespersons	38.7	$24,200	4,448,120
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	37.3	$60,320	1,051,570
Real Estate Sales Agents	36.9	$48,690	156,760
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive	36.5	$36,630	2,165,310
Construction Laborers	36.2	$35,800	1,001,470
Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs	35.2	$25,980	207,920
Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers	33.8	$32,810	915,310
Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers	33.5	$23,210	213,350
Chief Executives	33.4	$189,600	195,530
Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors	32.3	$37,260	118,520
Sales Agents, Securities and Commodities	24.7	$64,120	415,890
Financial Managers, Branch or Department	23.8	$127,990	608,120
Marketing Managers	23.7	$134,290	240,440
Computer Programmers	23.43	$84,280	230,470
Lawyers	23.0	$120,910	642,750
Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	22.7	$26,110	2,156,270
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks	22.0	$40,240	1,530,430
Personal Financial Advisors	20.2	$88,890	200,260
Education Teachers, Postsecondary	19.6	$64,780	60,930
Financial Analysts	19.3	$85,660	306,200
Postal Service Mail Carriers	16.0	$55,210	342,410
Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists	14.4	$63,120	638,200
Management Analysts	14.1	$83,610	684,470
Graphic Designers	12.8	$50,370	217,810
Web Developers	12.5	$69,430	127,300
Computer Hardware Engineers	6.0	$114,600	60,750
Actuaries	5.20	$102,880	20,760
Computer Network Architects	4.7	$109,020	152,670
Economists	1.4	$104,340	18,650

While some of these findings may be obvious—nurses and paramedics have a higher chance of exposure to the virus than lawyers and web developers, for example—these datasets allow us to assign a more quantitative figure to each occupation’s level of risk.

Recognizing Those On the Front Lines

Through the #LightItBlue campaign, communities are recognizing the brave efforts of healthcare workers as they fight the virus firsthand. However, with fewer than a third of Americans being able to work from home, many others are also working on the front lines, and thus deserve our recognition.

Two of these occupations are bus drivers (678,260 employed) and cashiers (3,635,559 employed), both of which require workers to be in close physical proximity with others. The services these individuals help to provide are essential, and despite the risks, many have been working throughout the entire pandemic.

Workers in food stores are the ones keeping this nation from going into civil unrest. Because if there is no one working in the stores, we are in trouble.

—John T. Niccollai, President, UFCW Local 464A

Data has also shown that working from home is largely reserved for America’s higher earners.

Income Percentile	Percent Able to Work From Home
Bottom 25	9.2%
25-50	20.1%
50-75	37.3%
Top 25	61.5%

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics

At a time when many Americans worry about paying their bills, the effects of this inequality can be particularly harsh on those near the bottom of the income spectrum. If unable to work from home, these individuals will likely face increased health risks on top of their existing financial difficulties.

Looking Out For One Another

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted everyone differently, especially in terms of the occupational risks faced day-to-day.

Individuals on the front lines, whether they’re taking care of patients or stocking grocery shelves, are placing themselves at risk to ensure our communities can continue to run smoothly. Meanwhile, those fortunate enough to work from home can help flatten the curve by continuing to practice safe social distancing, even on weekends.

The Full List

For reference, we’ve also provided the full list of nearly 1,000 occupations, including jobs with fewer than 20,000 workers. The average risk score of the following 966 jobs is 30.2.

Occupation	COVID-19 Risk Score
Dental Hygienists	99.7
Respiratory Therapy Technicians	95
Sports Medicine Physicians	94.6
Dental Assistants	92.5
Radiation Therapists	92.4
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons	92.3
Dentists, General	92.1
Obstetricians and Gynecologists	91.8
Dermatologists	91.1
Orderlies (Patient Care Assistants)	90.2
Acute Care Nurses	90.1
Family and General Practitioners	90.1
Ophthalmologists	88.4
Urologists	88.3
Registered Nurses	86.1
Hospitalists	85.3
Pediatricians, General	85.1
Respiratory Therapists	84.2
Radiologic Technicians	84.1
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses	82.1
Critical Care Nurses	81.7
Orthodontists	81.3
Radiologic Technologists	81.2
Nurse Midwives	81.1
Surgical Technologists	80.7
Diagnostic Medical Sonographers	80.5
Physical Therapist Aides	80.3
Allergists and Immunologists	80.3
Physician Assistants	80
Acupuncturists	79.9
Internists, General (Internal Medicine)	79.9
Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians	79.3
Physical Therapist Assistants	79.3
Physical Therapists	78.7
Occupational Therapy Aides	78
Occupational Therapists	77.8
Surgical Assistants	77.7
Prosthodontists	76.9
Surgeons	76.3
Flight Attendants	75.7
Anesthesiologists	75.4
Chiropractors	75.1
Occupational Therapy Assistants	75
Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers	75
Nuclear Medicine Technologists	74.8
Naturopathic Physicians	74.6
Neurodiagnostic Technologists	74.5
Nursing Assistants	72.5
Medical Assistants	72.2
Orthoptists	72.2
Midwives	71.9
Nurse Anesthetists	70.8
Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics	70.8
Athletic Trainers	70.6
Podiatrists	70.2
Veterinarians	70.1
Neurologists	70
Psychiatric Technicians	69.8
Barbers	69.1
Psychiatric Aides	69
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians	69
Ophthalmic Medical Technologists	68.5
Phlebotomists	68.2
Skincare Specialists	68.1
Special Education Teachers, Preschool	67.4
Bus Drivers, School or Special Client	67.3
Anesthesiologist Assistants	67.2
Home Health Aides	66.4
Veterinary Technologists and Technicians	66
Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education	65.8
Endoscopy Technicians	65.8
Patient Representatives	65.1
Speech-Language Pathology Assistants	64.9
Personal Care Aides	64
Medical Equipment Preparers	63.9
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists	63.7
Municipal Firefighters	63.3
First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers	62.9
Recreational Therapists	62.8
Hearing Aid Specialists	62.7
Pharmacy Technicians	62.5
Ophthalmic Medical Technicians	62.3
Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists	62.2
Clinical Nurse Specialists	62
Transportation Security Screeners	61.4
First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers	61
Dancers	61
Nurse Practitioners	60.9
Optometrists	60.9
Immigration and Customs Inspectors	60.8
Exercise Physiologists	60.7
Ambulance Drivers and Attendants, Except Emergency Medical Technicians	60.7
Correctional Officers and Jailers	60.4
Social and Human Service Assistants	60.3
Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs	59
Pharmacy Aides	58.8
Municipal Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors	58.3
Healthcare Social Workers	58.2
Childcare Workers	58
Special Education Teachers, Kindergarten and Elementary School	57.2
Pharmacists	56.9
Orthotists and Prosthetists	56.7
Shampooers	56.6
Music Therapists	56.1
Amusement and Recreation Attendants	56
Slot Supervisors	55.9
Teacher Assistants	55.8
Education Administrators, Preschool and Childcare Center/Program	55.7
Special Education Teachers, Middle School	55.6
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists	55.6
Adapted Physical Education Specialists	55.2
Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education	55.2
Gaming Dealers	55
Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurses	54.2
Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education	53.8
Fire Investigators	53.8
Singers	52.9
Massage Therapists	52.8
Speech-Language Pathologists	52.7
Choreographers	52.4
Medical Secretaries	52.2
Police Patrol Officers	51.9
First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives	51.9
Transportation Attendants, Except Flight Attendants	51.8
Transit and Railroad Police	51.6
Morticians, Undertakers, and Funeral Directors	51.3
Pipelayers	51.3
Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers	51.2
Radiologists	51.1
Tellers	50.9
Bailiffs	50.7
Opticians, Dispensing	50.6
Septic Tank Servicers and Sewer Pipe Cleaners	50.5
Actors	50.4
Gaming Surveillance Officers and Gaming Investigators	50.3
Dietetic Technicians	50.3
First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers	50.2
Animal Control Workers	50.1
Audiologists	50
Manicurists and Pedicurists	49.5
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians	49.3
Embalmers	49
Spa Managers	48.7
Nuclear Medicine Physicians	48.6
Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors	48.6
Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop	48.4
Recreation Workers	48
Police Detectives	47.9
Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity	47.9
Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance	47.8
Coroners	47.8
Police Identification and Records Officers	47.7
Food Servers, Nonrestaurant	47.6
Gaming Supervisors	47.2
Stock Clerks, Sales Floor	47.2
Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers	46.9
Interpreters and Translators	46.8
Subway and Streetcar Operators	46.7
Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	46.6
Funeral Attendants	46.4
Licensing Examiners and Inspectors	45.9
Nonfarm Animal Caretakers	45.9
Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors	45.7
Forest Firefighters	45.6
Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers	45.6
Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay	45.3
Postal Service Clerks	45
Criminal Investigators and Special Agents	44.8
Gaming and Sports Book Writers and Runners	44.3
Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria	44
Gaming Cage Workers	43.9
Dietitians and Nutritionists	43.7
Waiters and Waitresses	43.6
License Clerks	43.3
Bartenders	43.1
Special Education Teachers, Secondary School	43.1
Structural Iron and Steel Workers	42.9
Food Preparation Workers	42.8
Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary	42.8
Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists	42.7
Receptionists and Information Clerks	42.6
First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers	42.6
Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners	42.4
Statement Clerks	42.2
Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room Attendants	41.9
Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks	41.8
Gaming Change Persons and Booth Cashiers	41.7
Cashiers	41.7
Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists	41.6
Child, Family, and School Social Workers	41.6
Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service	41.2
Gaming Managers	41.2
Adhesive Bonding Machine Operators and Tenders	41.1
Couriers and Messengers	41.1
Tutors	41
Credit Checkers	41
Air Traffic Controllers	40.9
Educational, Guidance, School, and Vocational Counselors	40.9
Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary	40.7
Office Clerks, General	40.6
Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	40.5
Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance Equipment Operators	40.2
Food Service Managers	40.1
Baristas	40
Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers	40
Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan	39.9
Community Health Workers	39.7
Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop	39.6
Clinical Research Coordinators	39.5
Quality Control Systems Managers	39.4
Roustabouts, Oil and Gas	39.4
Derrick Operators, Oil and Gas	39.2
Commercial Pilots	39.2
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School	39.1
Radio Operators	38.9
Retail Salespersons	38.7
Ship and Boat Captains	38.6
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School	38.5
Histotechnologists and Histologic Technicians	38.3
New Accounts Clerks	38.3
Tailors, Dressmakers, and Custom Sewers	38.3
Procurement Clerks	38.2
Crossing Guards	38.2
Driver/Sales Workers	38.1
Fire Inspectors	38
Costume Attendants	38
Loan Interviewers and Clerks	37.7
Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary	37.6
First-Line Supervisors of Transportation and Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators	37.5
Elevator Installers and Repairers	37.4
Telemarketers	37.3
Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors	37.3
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	37.3
Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers	37.3
Cooks, Restaurant	37.3
Tire Repairers and Changers	37.2
Brokerage Clerks	37.2
Rough Carpenters	37.2
Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance	37.1
Chefs and Head Cooks	37
Transportation Vehicle, Equipment and Systems Inspectors, Except Aviation	37
Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators	37
Real Estate Sales Agents	36.9
Pile-Driver Operators	36.9
Counter and Rental Clerks	36.8
Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers, Including Fast Food	36.8
Parking Lot Attendants	36.8
Mental Health Counselors	36.6
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive	36.5
Radio, Cellular, and Tower Equipment Installers and Repairers	36.5
Manufactured Building and Mobile Home Installers	36.5
Postmasters and Mail Superintendents	36.3
Construction Laborers	36.3
Microbiologists	36.2
Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers	36.2
Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door	36.1
Broadcast News Analysts	36.1
Roof Bolters, Mining	35.8
Musicians, Instrumental	35.8
Library Assistants, Clerical	35.8
Coaches and Scouts	35.8
Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service Workers	35.4
Cooks, Short Order	35.4
First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand	35.3
Concierges	35.3
Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs	35.2
Fish and Game Wardens	35.2
Helpers--Extraction Workers	35.1
General and Operations Managers	35.1
Forest Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors	35.1
Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary	34.8
Railroad Brake, Signal, and Switch Operators	34.8
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General	34.7
Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products	34.6
Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers	34.6
Marriage and Family Therapists	34.5
Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes	34.5
Self-Enrichment Education Teachers	34.4
Funeral Service Managers	34.3
Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers	34.3
Cytogenetic Technologists	34.3
Health Educators	34.2
Copy Writers	34.2
Civil Engineering Technicians	34.2
Highway Maintenance Workers	34.1
Insurance Appraisers, Auto Damage	34
Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs	33.9
Service Unit Operators, Oil, Gas, and Mining	33.9
Packers and Packagers, Hand	33.9
Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers	33.8
Helpers--Carpenters	33.8
Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks	33.7
Retail Loss Prevention Specialists	33.7
Ship Engineers	33.6
Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers	33.5
First-Line Supervisors of Animal Husbandry and Animal Care Workers	33.5
Art Therapists	33.5
Demonstrators and Product Promoters	33.5
Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping	33.5
Chief Executives	33.4
Motorboat Operators	33.2
Instructional Coordinators	33.2
Librarians	33.2
Directors- Stage, Motion Pictures, Television, and Radio	33.2
Parts Salespersons	33.1
Rehabilitation Counselors	33.1
Boilermakers	33
Sailors and Marine Oilers	32.9
Bill and Account Collectors	32.9
Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary	32.9
Fiberglass Laminators and Fabricators	32.9
Securities and Commodities Traders	32.8
Transportation Managers	32.7
Electricians	32.6
Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders	32.5
Forest and Conservation Workers	32.5
Home Appliance Repairers	32.5
Sales Agents, Financial Services	32.4
Farm Labor Contractors	32.3
Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors	32.3
Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary	32.3
Commercial Divers	32.2
Fishers and Related Fishing Workers	32.1
Loss Prevention Managers	32
Police, Fire, and Ambulance Dispatchers	32
Producers	32
Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents	31.9
Gem and Diamond Workers	31.9
Nannies	31.9
Construction Carpenters	31.8
First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers	31.8
Government Property Inspectors and Investigators	31.7
Food Cooking Machine Operators and Tenders	31.7
Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons	31.7
Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers	31.6
Mechanical Engineering Technologists	31.4
Education Administrators, Elementary and Secondary School	31.3
Program Directors	31.3
Signal and Track Switch Repairers	31.3
Plumbers	31.2
Wind Turbine Service Technicians	31.2
Adult Basic and Secondary Education and Literacy Teachers and Instructors	31.2
Technical Directors/Managers	31.2
Real Estate Brokers	31.2
Bakers	31.2
Fashion Designers	31.2
Computer User Support Specialists	31.1
Mechanical Engineers	31.1
Dental Laboratory Technicians	31.1
Helpers--Painters, Paperhangers, Plasterers, and Stucco Masons	31.1
Forensic Science Technicians	31.1
Baggage Porters and Bellhops	31
Preventive Medicine Physicians	31
Psychiatrists	30.9
Billing, Cost, and Rate Clerks	30.9
Tour Guides and Escorts	30.8
Directors, Religious Activities and Education	30.8
Solar Energy Installation Managers	30.8
Floral Designers	30.8
First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers	30.8
Order Clerks	30.7
Court Clerks	30.6
Marking Clerks	30.6
Customer Service Representatives	30.6
First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	30.6
Mine Cutting and Channeling Machine Operators	30.6
Clergy	30.5
Sales Managers	30.4
Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals	30.4
Cargo and Freight Agents	30.3
Models	30.3
Agricultural Inspectors	30.2
Music Directors	30.2
Credit Authorizers	30.1
Lodging Managers	30.1
Pilots, Ship	30.1
Sheet Metal Workers	30
Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service	29.8
Nuclear Power Reactor Operators	29.8
First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers	29.8
Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates	29.8
Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products	29.7
Stonemasons	29.7
Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers	29.7
Airfield Operations Specialists	29.6
Computer Network Support Specialists	29.6
Photographic Process Workers and Processing Machine Operators	29.5
First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers	29.4
Model Makers, Metal and Plastic	29.4
Emergency Management Directors	29.4
Clinical Psychologists	29.4
Mechanical Engineering Technicians	29.4
Dishwashers	29.3
Medical Appliance Technicians	29.2
Millwrights	29.2
Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood, and Hard Tiles	29.1
Social and Community Service Managers	29
Freight Forwarders	28.9
Public Relations and Fundraising Managers	28.9
Camera Operators, Television, Video, and Motion Picture	28.9
Neuropsychologists and Clinical Neuropsychologists	28.8
Helpers--Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters	28.8
Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repairers	28.7
Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers	28.7
Molding and Casting Workers	28.7
Locksmiths and Safe Repairers	28.6
Rotary Drill Operators, Oil and Gas	28.5
First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers	28.5
Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers	28.4
Computer Operators	28.3
Wind Energy Operations Managers	28.3
Word Processors and Typists	28.2
Fitness and Wellness Coordinators	28.1
Helpers--Electricians	28
Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators, and Gaugers	28
Freight and Cargo Inspectors	28
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products	27.9
Food Batchmakers	27.9
Roofers	27.8
Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants	27.8
Loan Counselors	27.8
Loan Officers	27.8
Radio and Television Announcers	27.6
Animal Trainers	27.6
Residential Advisors	27.6
Locomotive Engineers	27.5
Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary	27.5
Model Makers, Wood	27.5
Forest Fire Inspectors and Prevention Specialists	27.5
Advertising Sales Agents	27.4
Quality Control Analysts	27.3
Engine and Other Machine Assemblers	27.3
Riggers	27.3
Credit Counselors	27.3
Talent Directors	27.2
Automotive and Watercraft Service Attendants	27.2
Recycling Coordinators	27.1
Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders	26.9
Data Entry Keyers	26.9
Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers	26.9
Cytotechnologists	26.9
Human Resources Specialists	26.8
Crane and Tower Operators	26.8
Nuclear Equipment Operation Technicians	26.8
Labor Relations Specialists	26.7
Municipal Clerks	26.6
Industrial Production Managers	26.6
Pipe Fitters and Steamfitters	26.5
Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	26.5
Radio Mechanics	26.5
Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, and Kettle Operators and Tenders	26.5
Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers, Recordkeeping	26.5
Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters	26.4
Home Economics Teachers, Postsecondary	26.4
Order Fillers, Wholesale and Retail Sales	26.4
Solar Sales Representatives and Assessors	26.4
Counseling Psychologists	26.3
Gas Compressor and Gas Pumping Station Operators	26.3
Glaziers	26.2
Heating and Air Conditioning Mechanics and Installers	26.2
Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers	26.2
First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers	26.2
Paralegals and Legal Assistants	26.1
Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment	26.1
Biological Technicians	26
Atmospheric, Earth, Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary	26
Continuous Mining Machine Operators	26
Range Managers	26
Training and Development Managers	26
Medical and Health Services Managers	25.9
Insulation Workers, Mechanical	25.9
Rail Yard Engineers, Dinkey Operators, and Hostlers	25.8
Correspondence Clerks	25.8
Distance Learning Coordinators	25.8
Reporters and Correspondents	25.8
Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians	25.7
Compliance Managers	25.7
Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks	25.7
Insurance Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators	25.6
Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	25.6
Industrial Machinery Mechanics	25.6
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand	25.5
Slaughterers and Meat Packers	25.5
Foundry Mold and Coremakers	25.4
Marine Architects	25.4
Meter Readers, Utilities	25.2
Butchers and Meat Cutters	25.2
Audio and Video Equipment Technicians	25.2
Outdoor Power Equipment and Other Small Engine Mechanics	25.2
Accountants	25.2
Environmental Engineering Technicians	25.1
Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists	25.1
Claims Examiners, Property and Casualty Insurance	25
Biofuels Processing Technicians	25
Security Managers	25
Customs Brokers	25
Nursery and Greenhouse Managers	24.9
Park Naturalists	24.8
Medical Transcriptionists	24.8
Shoe and Leather Workers and Repairers	24.8
Segmental Pavers	24.8
Biofuels Production Managers	24.8
Mates- Ship, Boat, and Barge	24.7
Sales Agents, Securities and Commodities	24.7
Chemical Plant and System Operators	24.7
Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators	24.7
Biomass Plant Technicians	24.6
Network and Computer Systems Administrators	24.6
Tree Trimmers and Pruners	24.5
Insurance Sales Agents	24.5
Power Distributors and Dispatchers	24.5
Door-To-Door Sales Workers, News and Street Vendors, and Related Workers	24.3
Proofreaders and Copy Markers	24.3
Athletes and Sports Competitors	24.3
Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials	24.2
Mechatronics Engineers	24.1
Fence Erectors	24
Maintenance Workers, Machinery	24
Construction Managers	24
Weatherization Installers and Technicians	23.9
Patternmakers, Metal and Plastic	23.9
Industrial Engineering Technicians	23.9
Financial Managers, Branch or Department	23.9
Security Guards	23.9
Mechanical Door Repairers	23.8
Biomass Power Plant Managers	23.8
Advertising and Promotions Managers	23.8
Film and Video Editors	23.8
Travel Agents	23.8
Marketing Managers	23.8
Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement Teachers, Postsecondary	23.8
Logisticians	23.7
File Clerks	23.7
Pathologists	23.6
Biologists	23.6
First-Line Supervisors of Aquacultural Workers	23.6
Hydroelectric Plant Technicians	23.5
Bicycle Repairers	23.5
Timing Device Assemblers and Adjusters	23.5
Electro-Mechanical Technicians	23.4
Computer Programmers	23.4
Graders and Sorters, Agricultural Products	23.4
Recycling and Reclamation Workers	23.4
Anthropology and Archeology Teachers, Postsecondary	23.4
Pest Control Workers	23.2
Forging Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	23.2
Genetic Counselors	23.2
Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary	23.2
Textile Winding, Twisting, and Drawing Out Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	23.1
Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers	23.1
Lawyers	23
Painters, Construction and Maintenance	23
Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary	22.9
Helpers--Brickmasons, Blockmasons, Stonemasons, and Tile and Marble Setters	22.9
Art Directors	22.9
Brickmasons and Blockmasons	22.9
Chemical Technicians	22.9
Training and Development Specialists	22.8
Energy Auditors	22.7
Occupational Health and Safety Specialists	22.7
Agricultural Technicians	22.7
Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Wood	22.7
Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	22.7
Power Plant Operators	22.6
Public Address System and Other Announcers	22.6
Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary	22.6
Office Machine Operators, Except Computer	22.6
Insurance Claims Clerks	22.5
Audio-Visual and Multimedia Collections Specialists	22.5
Team Assemblers	22.5
Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant and System Operators	22.4
Sales Engineers	22.3
Auditors	22.3
Photographers	22.3
Purchasing Managers	22.2
Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists	22.2
Risk Management Specialists	22.2
Public Relations Specialists	22.2
Communications Teachers, Postsecondary	22.2
Fabric and Apparel Patternmakers	22.1
Energy Brokers	22.1
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks	22.1
First-Line Supervisors of Logging Workers	22.1
Food Science Technicians	22.1
Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Operators	22
Law Teachers, Postsecondary	21.9
Recreational Vehicle Service Technicians	21.9
Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks	21.8
Avionics Technicians	21.7
Graduate Teaching Assistants	21.7
Automotive Glass Installers and Repairers	21.7
Locomotive Firers	21.7
Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment	21.6
Equal Opportunity Representatives and Officers	21.5
Education Administrators, Postsecondary	21.5
Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators	21.5
Motorboat Mechanics and Service Technicians	21.4
Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers	21.4
Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	21.4
Textile Bleaching and Dyeing Machine Operators and Tenders	21.4
Online Merchants	21.4
Extruding and Forming Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Synthetic and Glass Fibers	21.3
Hunters and Trappers	21.2
Helpers--Roofers	21.1
Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators	21.1
Logistics Managers	21.1
Insurance Underwriters	21.1
Rail Car Repairers	21
Chemists	20.9
Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines	20.9
Nuclear Monitoring Technicians	20.9
Human Resources Managers	20.8
Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters	20.8
English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	20.8
Petroleum Engineers	20.8
Computer and Information Research Scientists	20.8
Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment	20.8
Automotive Specialty Technicians	20.7
Video Game Designers	20.7
Compensation and Benefits Managers	20.6
Supply Chain Managers	20.6
Forest and Conservation Technicians	20.6
Radio Frequency Identification Device Specialists	20.6
Chief Sustainability Officers	20.5
Private Detectives and Investigators	20.5
Administrative Services Managers	20.5
Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	20.5
Electronic Home Entertainment Equipment Installers and Repairers	20.4
Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders	20.4
Telecommunications Engineering Specialists	20.4
Industrial Engineers	20.4
Computer and Information Systems Managers	20.3
Budget Analysts	20.3
Assessors	20.3
Aerospace Engineers	20.3
Multiple Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	20.3
Personal Financial Advisors	20.2
Legal Secretaries	20.2
Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators	20.1
Bioinformatics Technicians	20
Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers	20
Electromechanical Engineering Technologists	20
Commercial and Industrial Designers	20
Credit Analysts	20
Tax Preparers	20
Validation Engineers	20
Occupational Health and Safety Technicians	20
Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary	20
Travel Guides	20
Industrial Safety and Health Engineers	20
Mixing and Blending Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	19.9
Library Technicians	19.9
Editors	19.9
Informatics Nurse Specialists	19.8
Computer Systems Analysts	19.8
Cabinetmakers and Bench Carpenters	19.7
Cost Estimators	19.7
Education Teachers, Postsecondary	19.6
Geothermal Technicians	19.6
Farm and Home Management Advisors	19.6
Solar Thermal Installers and Technicians	19.6
Physics Teachers, Postsecondary	19.4
Multimedia Artists and Animators	19.4
Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks	19.4
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products	19.4
Medical Equipment Repairers	19.4
Sound Engineering Technicians	19.4
Financial Analysts	19.3
Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers	19.3
Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians	19.3
Food Scientists and Technologists	19.2
Anthropologists	19.1
Information Technology Project Managers	19
Hydroelectric Production Managers	19
Cutters and Trimmers, Hand	18.9
Industrial-Organizational Psychologists	18.9
Coating, Painting, and Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	18.9
Geophysical Data Technicians	18.9
Library Science Teachers, Postsecondary	18.9
Treasurers and Controllers	18.9
Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health	18.8
Set and Exhibit Designers	18.8
Cartographers and Photogrammetrists	18.8
Logging Equipment Operators	18.8
Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers	18.8
Court Reporters	18.8
Fundraisers	18.8
Mine Shuttle Car Operators	18.7
Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary	18.7
Fabric Menders, Except Garment	18.6
Aircraft Structure, Surfaces, Rigging, and Systems Assemblers	18.5
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval	18.5
Agricultural Equipment Operators	18.5
Insurance Policy Processing Clerks	18.4
Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners	18.4
Hazardous Materials Removal Workers	18.3
Grinding and Polishing Workers, Hand	18.3
Log Graders and Scalers	18.3
Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary	18.2
Logistics Engineers	18.2
Geothermal Production Managers	18.2
Cooks, Fast Food	18.2
Heat Treating Equipment Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	18.1
Cooling and Freezing Equipment Operators and Tenders	18.1
Medical Records and Health Information Technicians	18.1
Storage and Distribution Managers	18.1
Aviation Inspectors	18.1
Hoist and Winch Operators	18
Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas	18
Electronic Equipment Installers and Repairers, Motor Vehicles	18
Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary	17.9
Landscape Architects	17.9
Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators	17.9
Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists	17.8
Layout Workers, Metal and Plastic	17.8
Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technicians	17.8
Plasterers and Stucco Masons	17.8
Carpet Installers	17.7
Printing Press Operators	17.7
Soil and Water Conservationists	17.5
Curators	17.4
Water/Wastewater Engineers	17.3
Crushing, Grinding, and Polishing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	17.1
Painting, Coating, and Decorating Workers	17.1
Broadcast Technicians	17.1
Investment Fund Managers	17.1
Cleaning, Washing, and Metal Pickling Equipment Operators and Tenders	17
Urban and Regional Planners	17
Electronics Engineering Technicians	17
Lathe and Turning Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	17
Motorcycle Mechanics	17
Automotive Master Mechanics	16.9
Aquacultural Managers	16.7
Logistics Analysts	16.7
Clinical Data Managers	16.7
Manufacturing Engineers	16.7
City and Regional Planning Aides	16.7
Metal-Refining Furnace Operators and Tenders	16.6
Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary	16.5
Furniture Finishers	16.4
Structural Metal Fabricators and Fitters	16.4
Archeologists	16.3
Parking Enforcement Workers	16.2
Cutting and Slicing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	16.1
Historians	16.1
Industrial Engineering Technologists	16.1
Electrical Drafters	16.1
Postal Service Mail Carriers	16.1
Automotive Engineering Technicians	16.1
Regulatory Affairs Managers	16.1
Animal Scientists	16.1
Precision Agriculture Technicians	16
Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicers and Repairers	16
Upholsterers	16
Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Except Sawing	16
Electrical Engineering Technologists	16
Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products	15.9
Photonics Engineers	15.9
Geography Teachers, Postsecondary	15.9
Interior Designers	15.9
Computer Numerically Controlled Machine Tool Programmers, Metal and Plastic	15.9
Electrical Engineers	15.8
Technical Writers	15.8
Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers	15.7
Helpers--Production Workers	15.7
Information Security Analysts	15.6
Intelligence Analysts	15.6
Computer-Controlled Machine Tool Operators, Metal and Plastic	15.6
Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall	15.6
Geneticists	15.6
Plating and Coating Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	15.6
Molding, Coremaking, and Casting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	15.5
Welders, Cutters, and Welder Fitters	15.5
Sewing Machine Operators	15.5
Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related Materials	15.4
Transportation Planners	15.3
Construction and Building Inspectors	15.3
Electronics Engineers, Except Computer	15.3
Machinists	15.3
Automotive Body and Related Repairers	15.2
Statistical Assistants	15.2
Extruding and Drawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	15.2
Business Continuity Planners	15.2
Energy Engineers	15.2
Robotics Technicians	15.2
Transportation Engineers	15.2
Machine Feeders and Offbearers	15.1
Terrazzo Workers and Finishers	15.1
Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, and Buffing Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	15.1
Economics Teachers, Postsecondary	15
Regulatory Affairs Specialists	15
Non-Destructive Testing Specialists	15
Software Developers, Systems Software	15
Bridge and Lock Tenders	14.9
Tile and Marble Setters	14.9
Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary	14.9
Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary	14.9
School Psychologists	14.8
Software Quality Assurance Engineers and Testers	14.8
Environmental Engineers	14.8
Farm Equipment Mechanics and Service Technicians	14.8
Physicists	14.7
Biofuels/Biodiesel Technology and Product Development Managers	14.7
Software Developers, Applications	14.7
Brownfield Redevelopment Specialists and Site Managers	14.7
Document Management Specialists	14.7
Biochemical Engineers	14.7
Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precipitating, and Still Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	14.6
Wellhead Pumpers	14.6
Drywall and Ceiling Tile Installers	14.6
History Teachers, Postsecondary	14.6
Traffic Technicians	14.6
Product Safety Engineers	14.6
Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists	14.5
Biomedical Engineers	14.5
Database Administrators	14.5
Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	14.4
Patternmakers, Wood	14.4
Solar Photovoltaic Installers	14.3
Dredge Operators	14.3
Museum Technicians and Conservators	14.2
Security Management Specialists	14.2
Animal Breeders	14.1
Management Analysts	14.1
Solar Energy Systems Engineers	14.1
Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists	14
Print Binding and Finishing Workers	13.9
Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	13.9
Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary	13.7
Natural Sciences Managers	13.7
Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers	13.7
Chemical Engineers	13.6
Electronics Engineering Technologists	13.5
Electrical Engineering Technicians	13.5
Semiconductor Processors	13.5
Conveyor Operators and Tenders	13.5
Bioinformatics Scientists	13.4
Epidemiologists	13.3
Civil Engineers	13.3
Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary	13.3
Tool Grinders, Filers, and Sharpeners	13.3
Etchers and Engravers	13.3
Remote Sensing Technicians	13.3
Sustainability Specialists	13.1
Climate Change Analysts	13.1
Fire-Prevention and Protection Engineers	13.1
Gas Plant Operators	13.1
Automotive Engineers	13
Manufacturing Production Technicians	13
Geographers	13
Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers	13
Pourers and Casters, Metal	12.9
Tire Builders	12.9
Nanotechnology Engineering Technicians	12.9
Graphic Designers	12.8
Drilling and Boring Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	12.8
Civil Drafters	12.7
Environmental Restoration Planners	12.7
Food and Tobacco Roasting, Baking, and Drying Machine Operators and Tenders	12.6
Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers	12.6
Fraud Examiners, Investigators and Analysts	12.5
Web Developers	12.5
Database Architects	12.5
Business Intelligence Analysts	12.5
Human Factors Engineers and Ergonomists	12.5
Survey Researchers	12.5
Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers	12.4
Electronic Drafters	12.2
Robotics Engineers	12.2
Prepress Technicians and Workers	12.2
Loading Machine Operators, Underground Mining	12.2
Nanotechnology Engineering Technologists	12.1
Motion Picture Projectionists	12.1
Stock Clerks- Stockroom, Warehouse, or Storage Yard	12.1
Financial Examiners	12
Solderers and Brazers	11.9
Architectural and Engineering Managers	11.9
Surveyors	11.8
Wind Energy Project Managers	11.6
Textile Knitting and Weaving Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	11.6
Desktop Publishers	11.3
Pesticide Handlers, Sprayers, and Applicators, Vegetation	11.2
Coil Winders, Tapers, and Finishers	11.2
Paperhangers	11.1
Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary	11.1
Cooks, Private Household	11.1
Materials Engineers	11.1
Farm and Ranch Managers	11.1
Rock Splitters, Quarry	11
Architectural Drafters	11
Geographic Information Systems Technicians	10.9
Stone Cutters and Carvers, Manufacturing	10.9
Social Science Research Assistants	10.7
Business Teachers, Postsecondary	10.6
First-Line Supervisors of Agricultural Crop and Horticultural Workers	10.6
Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health	10.6
Camera and Photographic Equipment Repairers	10.6
Nursery Workers	10.5
Water Resource Specialists	10.3
Computer Systems Engineers/Architects	10.3
Agricultural Engineers	10.3
Mechanical Drafters	10.2
Instructional Designers and Technologists	10.1
Wind Energy Engineers	10.1
Appraisers, Real Estate	10
Web Administrators	10
Geodetic Surveyors	10
Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop	9.9
Nuclear Engineers	9.9
Fuel Cell Engineers	9.7
Nanosystems Engineers	9.7
Surveying Technicians	9.7
Watch Repairers	9.7
Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators	9.6
Milling and Planing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic	9.3
Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders	9.3
Manufacturing Engineering Technologists	9.1
Foresters	9
Political Scientists	8.9
Floor Sanders and Finishers	8.8
Search Marketing Strategists	8.7
Mapping Technicians	8.7
Archivists	8.6
Precious Metal Workers	8.4
Materials Scientists	8.3
Judicial Law Clerks	8.2
Biostatisticians	8
Craft Artists	8
Potters, Manufacturing	8
Environmental Compliance Inspectors	7.9
Welding, Soldering, and Brazing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	7.7
Textile Cutting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders	7.6
Sewers, Hand	7.5
Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers	7.4
Painters, Transportation Equipment	7.3
Geospatial Information Scientists and Technologists	7.2
Marine Engineers	7.2
Hydrologists	7.2
Tool and Die Makers	7.2
Industrial Ecologists	6.9
Jewelers	6.9
Statisticians	6.7
Microsystems Engineers	6.1
Music Composers and Arrangers	6.1
Computer Hardware Engineers	6.1
Biochemists and Biophysicists	6.1
Sociologists	6.1
Remote Sensing Scientists and Technologists	6
Environmental Economists	6
Molecular and Cellular Biologists	5.8
Actuaries	5.2
Atmospheric and Space Scientists	5
Soil and Plant Scientists	4.9
Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers	4.9
Computer Network Architects	4.8
Mathematicians	4.3
Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers	4.2
Operations Research Analysts	3.5
Geological Sample Test Technicians	3.3
Financial Quantitative Analysts	2.9
Data Warehousing Specialists	2.9
Fallers	2.8
Photonics Technicians	2.7
Tapers	2.3
Astronomers	2
Economists	1.5

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Personal Finance

How Do Americans Spend Their Money, By Generation?

This interactive graphic shows a breakdown of how average Americans spend their money, and how expenses vary across generations.

Creator Program

Published

5 days ago

September 25, 2022

Carmen Ang

Annual Expenditure in the U.S. by Generation

How Americans Spend Their Money, By Generation

In 2021, the average American spent just over $60,000 a year. But where does all their money go? Unsurprisingly, spending habits vary wildly depending on age.

This graphic by Preethi Lodha uses data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics to show how average Americans spend their money, and how annual expenses vary across generations.

A Generational Breakdown of Overall Spending

Overall in 2021, Gen X (anyone born from 1965 to 1980) spent the most money of any U.S. generation, with an average annual expenditure of $83,357.

Generation	Birth Year Range	Average Annual Expenditure (2021)
Silent	1945 or earlier	$44,683
Boomers	1946 to 1964	$62,203
Generation X	1965 to 1980	$83,357
Millennials	1981 to 1996	$69,061
Generation Z	1997 or later	$41,636

Gen X has been nicknamed the “sandwich generation” because many members of this age group are financially supporting both their aging parents as well as children of their own.

The second biggest spenders are Millennials with an average annual expenditure of $69,061. Just like Gen X, this generation’s top three spending categories are housing, healthcare, and personal insurance.

On the opposite end of the spectrum, members of Generation Z are the lowest spenders with an average of $41,636. per year. Their spending habits are expected to ramp up, especially considering that in 2022 the oldest Gen Zers are just 25 and still early in their careers.

Similarities Across Generations

While spending habits vary depending on the age group, there are some categories that remain fairly consistent across the board.

One of the most consistent spending categories is housing—it’s by the far the biggest expense for all age groups, accounting for more than 30% of total annual spending for every generation.

Generation	Average Spend on Housing (2021)	% of Total Spend
Silent (1945 or earlier)	$16,656	37.3%
Boomers (1946 to 1964)	$21,273	34.2%
Generation X (1965 to 1980)	$26,385	31.7%
Millennials (1981 to 1996)	$24,052	34.8%
Generation Z (1997 or later)	$15,449	37.1%

Another spending category that’s surprisingly consistent across every generation is entertainment. All generations spent more than 4% of their total expenditures on entertainment, but none dedicated more than 5.6%.

Generation	Average Spend on Entertainment (2021)	% of Total Spend
Silent (1945 or earlier)	$2,027	4.5%
Boomers (1946 to 1964)	$3,476	5.6%
Generation X (1965 to 1980)	$4,694	5.6%
Millennials (1981 to 1996)	$3,457	5.0%
Generation Z (1997 or later)	$1,693	4.1%

Gen Zers spent the least on entertainment, which could boil down to the types of entertainment this generation typically enjoys. For instance, a study found that 51% of respondents aged 13-19 watch videos on Instagram on a weekly basis, while only 15% watch cable TV.

Differences Across Generations

One category that varies the most between generations and relative needs is spending on healthcare.

As the table below shows, the Silent Generation spent an average of $7,053 on healthcare, or 15.8% of their total average spend. Comparatively, Gen Z only spent $1,354 on average, or 3.3% of their total average spend.

Generation	Average Spend on Healthcare (2021)	% of Total Spend
Silent (1945 or earlier)	$7,053	15.8%
Boomers (1946 to 1964)	$6,594	10.6%
Generation X (1965 to 1980)	$5,550	6.7%
Millennials (1981 to 1996)	$4,026	5.8%
Generation Z (1997 or later)	$1,354	3.3%

However, while the younger generations typically spend less on healthcare, they’re also less likely to be insured—so those who do get sick could be left with a hefty bill.

Markets

The Biggest Tech Talent Hubs in the U.S. and Canada

6.5 million skilled tech workers currently work in the U.S. and Canada. Here we look at the largest tech hubs across the two countries

Published

1 week ago

September 21, 2022

Nick Routley

The Biggest Tech Talent Hubs in the U.S. and Canada

The tech workforce just keeps growing. In fact, there are now an estimated 6.5 million tech workers between the U.S. and Canada — 5.5 million of which work in the United States.

This infographic draws from a report by CBRE to determine which tech talent markets in the U.S. and Canada are the largest. The data looks at total workforce in the sector, as well as the change in tech worker population over time in various cities.

The report also classifies which metro areas and regions can rightly be considered tech hubs in the first place, by looking at a variety of factors including cost of living, average educational attainment, and tech employment levels as a share of different industries.

The Top Tech Hubs in the U.S.

Silicon Valley, in California’s Bay Area, remains the most prominent (and expensive) U.S. tech hub, with a talent pool of nearly 380,000 tech workers.

Here’s a look at the top tech talent markets in the country in terms of total worker population:

🇺🇸 Market	Total Tech Talent	% Talent Growth (2016-2021)
SF Bay Area	378,870	13%
New York Metro	344,520	3%
Washington D.C.	259,310	6%
Los Angeles	235,800	10%
Seattle	189,570	32%
Dallas/Ft. Worth	187,950	15%
Chicago	167,560	6%
Boston	166,450	2%
Atlanta	145,080	7%
Denver	117,620	23%
Philadelphia	115,450	7%
Minneapolis	100,990	5%
Phoenix	99,600	18%
Houston	98,930	-2%
Detroit	93,770	5%
Austin	84,680	21%
Baltimore	79,000	8%
San Diego	77,780	16%
Raleigh/Durham	69,050	11%
Portland	67,410	28%
South Florida	66,660	8%
Charlotte	61,950	22%
Salt Lake City	55,930	29%
St. Louis	53,910	2%
Kansas City	52,500	0%
Tampa	52,240	13%
Columbus	50,390	4%

America’s large, coastal cities still contain the lion’s share of tech talent, but mid-sized tech hubs like Salt Lake City, Portland, and Denver have put up strong growth numbers in recent years. Seattle, which is home to both Amazon and Microsoft, posted an impressive 32% growth rate over the last five years.

Emerging tech hubs include areas like Raleigh-Durham. The two cities have nearly 70,000 employed tech workers and a strong talent pipeline, seeing a 28% increase in degree completions in fields like Math/Statistics and Computer Engineering year-over-year to 2020. In fact, the entire state of North Carolina is becoming an increasingly attractive business hub.

Houston was the one city on this list that had a negative growth rate, at -2%.

The Top Tech Hubs in Canada

Tech giants like Google, Meta, and Amazon are continuously and aggressively growing their presence in Canada, further solidifying the country’s status as the next big destination for tech talent. Here are the country’s four tech hubs with a total worker population of more than 50,000:

🇨🇦 Market	Total Tech Talent	% Talent Growth (2016-2021)
Toronto	289,700	44%
Montreal	148,900	27%
Vancouver	115,400	63%
Ottawa	81,200	22%

Toronto saw the most absolute growth tech positions in 2021, adding 88,900 jobs. The tech sector in Canada’s largest city has seen a lot of momentum in recent years, and is now ranked by CBRE as North America’s #3 tech hub, after the SF Bay Area and New York City.

Vancouver’s tech talent population increased the most from its original figure, climbing 63%. Seattle-based companies like Microsoft and Amazon have established sizable offices in the city, adding to the already thriving tech scene. Furthermore, Google is set to build a submarine high-speed fiber optic cable connecting Canada to Asia, with a terminus in Vancouver.

Not to be left behind, Ottawa has also taken giant strides to increase their tech talent and stamp their presence. The country’s capital even has the highest concentration of tech employment in its workforce, thanks in part to the success of Shopify.

Map showing tech employment concentration in the U.S. and Canada

The small, but well-known tech hub of Waterloo also had a very high concentration on tech employment (9.6%). The region has seen its tech workforce grow by 8% over the past five years.

Six out of the top 10 cities by tech workforce concentration are located in Canada.

Evolution of Tech Hubs

The post-COVID era has seen a shifting definition of what a tech hub means. It’s clear that remote work is here to stay, and as workers migrate to chase affordability and comfort, traditional tech hubs are seeing some decline — or at least slower growth — in their population of tech workers.

While it isn’t evident that there is a mass exodus of tech talent from traditional coastal hubs, the rise in high-paying tech jobs in smaller markets across the country could point to a trend and is positive for the industry.

While more workers with great talent, resources, and education continue to opt for cost-friendly places to reside and work remotely, will newer markets like Charlotte, Tennessee, and Calgary see a rise of tech companies, or will large corporations and startups alike continue to opt for the larger cities on the coast?