Economy
The Front Line: Visualizing the Occupations with the Highest COVID-19 Risk
Published
11 months agoon
By
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The Occupations with the Highest COVID-19 Risk
Many individuals have been practicing social distancing by working from home in recent weeks. While this arrangement can be a great way to reduce one’s exposure to COVID-19, it’s a luxury that’s available to just 29% of Americans.
The situation for the remaining 71% is uncertain, to say the least. A significant portion of the population has lost their jobs due to business shutdowns and mandated lockdown orders. Others employed in “essential services” have continued working as usual, but may face a higher risk of potential exposure to the virus.
To that end, today’s infographic leverages data from the Occupational Information Network to determine which occupations face the highest risk of exposure to COVID-19.
Methodology and Results
Our score for each occupation is based on evaluating the data on three physical job attributes covered in the occupational database:
- Contact With Others:
How much does this job require the worker to be in contact with others in order to perform it? - Physical Proximity:
To what extent does this job require the worker to perform tasks in close physical proximity to others? - Exposure to Disease and Infection:
How often does this job require exposure to hazardous conditions?
We assigned each attribute an equal weight, then aggregated them to arrive at a final COVID-19 Risk Score between 0 and 100, with 100 representing the highest possible risk. Jobs with a risk score below 0.5 were excluded from further analysis.
To narrow down the list, we removed most occupations held by fewer than 20,000 people. From the remaining pool, we selected 100 well-known occupations, and included the average annual income and number of workers associated with each based on BLS data.
Occupation | COVID-19 Risk Score | Average Annual Income | Number of Employed |
---|---|---|---|
Dental Hygienists | 99.7 | $74,820 | 215,150 |
Respiratory Therapy Technicians | 95.0 | $60,280 | 129,600 |
Dental Assistants | 92.5 | $38,660 | 341,060 |
Dentists, General | 92.1 | $151,850 | 113,000 |
Orderlies (Patient Care Assistants) | 90.2 | $28,060 | 50,100 |
Family and General Practitioners | 90.1 | $201,100 | 114,130 |
Registered Nurses | 86.1 | $71,730 | 2,951,960 |
Respiratory Therapists | 84.2 | $60,280 | 129,600 |
Radiologic Technicians | 84.1 | $59,520 | 205,590 |
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses | 82.1 | $46,240 | 701,690 |
Surgical Technologists | 80.6 | $47,300 | 110,160 |
Diagnostic Medical Sonographers | 80.4 | $72,510 | 71,130 |
Physical Therapist Aides | 80.3 | $26,240 | 47,260 |
Physician Assistants | 80.0 | $108,610 | 114,710 |
Internists, General (Internal Medicine) | 79.8 | $194,500 | 37,820 |
Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians | 79.3 | $56,850 | 56,560 |
Physical Therapist Assistants | 79.3 | $58,040 | 94,250 |
Physical Therapists | 78.6 | $87,930 | 228,600 |
Occupational Therapists | 77.7 | $84,270 | 126,900 |
Flight Attendants | 75.6 | $56,000 | 118,770 |
Occupational Therapy Assistants | 75.0 | $60,220 | 42,660 |
Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers | 74.9 | $27,540 | 89,480 |
Nursing Assistants | 72.5 | $28,540 | 1,450,960 |
Medical Assistants | 72.2 | $33,610 | 673,660 |
Nurse Anesthetists | 70.8 | $167,950 | 43,520 |
Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics | 70.7 | $34,320 | 257,210 |
Veterinarians | 70.0 | $93,830 | 71,060 |
Psychiatric Technicians | 69.81 | $32,870 | 71,360 |
Psychiatric Aides | 69.0 | $29,180 | 56,910 |
Skincare Specialists | 68.0 | $31,290 | 50,740 |
Bus Drivers, School or Special Client | 67.3 | $32,420 | 504,150 |
Home Health Aides | 66.3 | $24,200 | 797,670 |
Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education | 65.8 | $55,470 | 131,160 |
Personal Care Aides | 64.0 | $24,020 | 2,211,950 |
Medical Equipment Preparers | 63.9 | $36,240 | 55,610 |
Municipal Firefighters | 63.2 | $49,620 | 321,570 |
First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers | 62.8 | $32,450 | 964,400 |
Pharmacy Technicians | 62.5 | $32,700 | 417,860 |
Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists | 62.1 | $24,730 | 377,210 |
First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers | 61.0 | $63,340 | 43,760 |
Nurse Practitioners | 60.9 | $107,030 | 179,650 |
Correctional Officers and Jailers | 60.4 | $44,330 | 415,000 |
Social and Human Service Assistants | 60.3 | $33,750 | 392,300 |
Healthcare Social Workers | 58.1 | $56,200 | 168,190 |
Childcare Workers | 57.9 | $23,240 | 564,630 |
Pharmacists | 56.8 | $126,120 | 309,550 |
Amusement and Recreation Attendants | 56.0 | $22,260 | 319,890 |
Teacher Assistants | 55.7 | $26,970 | 1,331,560 |
Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education | 55.1 | $29,780 | 424,520 |
Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 53.8 | $58,230 | 1,410,970 |
Massage Therapists | 52.8 | $41,420 | 105,160 |
Medical Secretaries | 52.1 | $35,760 | 585,410 |
Police Patrol Officers | 51.8 | $61,380 | 661,330 |
First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives | 51.8 | $89,030 | 116,660 |
Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers | 51.1 | $22,260 | 133,970 |
Tellers | 50.9 | $29,450 | 468,470 |
First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers | 50.2 | $38,400 | 228,620 |
Manicurists and Pedicurists | 49.4 | $24,330 | 110,170 |
Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity | 47.8 | $42,080 | 174,110 |
Food Servers, Nonrestaurant | 47.6 | $23,290 | 266,190 |
Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 46.6 | $58,600 | 609,970 |
Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers | 45.5 | $22,270 | 455,700 |
Waiters and Waitresses | 43.6 | $21,780 | 2,582,410 |
Food Preparation Workers | 42.7 | $23,730 | 814,600 |
Receptionists and Information Clerks | 42.6 | $29,140 | 1,043,630 |
Cashiers | 41.6 | $22,430 | 3,635,550 |
Couriers and Messengers | 41.0 | $28,720 | 75,720 |
Office Clerks, General | 40.5 | $32,730 | 2,972,930 |
Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners | 40.4 | $23,770 | 924,290 |
Food Service Managers | 40.0 | $54,240 | 219,160 |
Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop | 39.5 | $22,330 | 473,860 |
Retail Salespersons | 38.7 | $24,200 | 4,448,120 |
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 37.3 | $60,320 | 1,051,570 |
Real Estate Sales Agents | 36.9 | $48,690 | 156,760 |
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive | 36.5 | $36,630 | 2,165,310 |
Construction Laborers | 36.2 | $35,800 | 1,001,470 |
Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs | 35.2 | $25,980 | 207,920 |
Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers | 33.8 | $32,810 | 915,310 |
Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers | 33.5 | $23,210 | 213,350 |
Chief Executives | 33.4 | $189,600 | 195,530 |
Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors | 32.3 | $37,260 | 118,520 |
Sales Agents, Securities and Commodities | 24.7 | $64,120 | 415,890 |
Financial Managers, Branch or Department | 23.8 | $127,990 | 608,120 |
Marketing Managers | 23.7 | $134,290 | 240,440 |
Computer Programmers | 23.43 | $84,280 | 230,470 |
Lawyers | 23.0 | $120,910 | 642,750 |
Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners | 22.7 | $26,110 | 2,156,270 |
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks | 22.0 | $40,240 | 1,530,430 |
Personal Financial Advisors | 20.2 | $88,890 | 200,260 |
Education Teachers, Postsecondary | 19.6 | $64,780 | 60,930 |
Financial Analysts | 19.3 | $85,660 | 306,200 |
Postal Service Mail Carriers | 16.0 | $55,210 | 342,410 |
Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists | 14.4 | $63,120 | 638,200 |
Management Analysts | 14.1 | $83,610 | 684,470 |
Graphic Designers | 12.8 | $50,370 | 217,810 |
Web Developers | 12.5 | $69,430 | 127,300 |
Computer Hardware Engineers | 6.0 | $114,600 | 60,750 |
Actuaries | 5.20 | $102,880 | 20,760 |
Computer Network Architects | 4.7 | $109,020 | 152,670 |
Economists | 1.4 | $104,340 | 18,650 |
While some of these findings may be obvious—nurses and paramedics have a higher chance of exposure to the virus than lawyers and web developers, for example—these datasets allow us to assign a more quantitative figure to each occupation’s level of risk.
Recognizing Those On the Front Lines
Through the #LightItBlue campaign, communities are recognizing the brave efforts of healthcare workers as they fight the virus firsthand. However, with fewer than a third of Americans being able to work from home, many others are also working on the front lines, and thus deserve our recognition.
Two of these occupations are bus drivers (678,260 employed) and cashiers (3,635,559 employed), both of which require workers to be in close physical proximity with others. The services these individuals help to provide are essential, and despite the risks, many have been working throughout the entire pandemic.
Workers in food stores are the ones keeping this nation from going into civil unrest. Because if there is no one working in the stores, we are in trouble.
—John T. Niccollai, President, UFCW Local 464A
Data has also shown that working from home is largely reserved for America’s higher earners.
Income Percentile | Percent Able to Work From Home |
---|---|
Bottom 25 | 9.2% |
25-50 | 20.1% |
50-75 | 37.3% |
Top 25 | 61.5% |
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
At a time when many Americans worry about paying their bills, the effects of this inequality can be particularly harsh on those near the bottom of the income spectrum. If unable to work from home, these individuals will likely face increased health risks on top of their existing financial difficulties.
Looking Out For One Another
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted everyone differently, especially in terms of the occupational risks faced day-to-day.
Individuals on the front lines, whether they’re taking care of patients or stocking grocery shelves, are placing themselves at risk to ensure our communities can continue to run smoothly. Meanwhile, those fortunate enough to work from home can help flatten the curve by continuing to practice safe social distancing, even on weekends.
The Full List
For reference, we’ve also provided the full list of nearly 1,000 occupations, including jobs with fewer than 20,000 workers. The average risk score of the following 966 jobs is 30.2.
Occupation | COVID-19 Risk Score |
---|---|
Dental Hygienists | 99.7 |
Respiratory Therapy Technicians | 95 |
Sports Medicine Physicians | 94.6 |
Dental Assistants | 92.5 |
Radiation Therapists | 92.4 |
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons | 92.3 |
Dentists, General | 92.1 |
Obstetricians and Gynecologists | 91.8 |
Dermatologists | 91.1 |
Orderlies (Patient Care Assistants) | 90.2 |
Acute Care Nurses | 90.1 |
Family and General Practitioners | 90.1 |
Ophthalmologists | 88.4 |
Urologists | 88.3 |
Registered Nurses | 86.1 |
Hospitalists | 85.3 |
Pediatricians, General | 85.1 |
Respiratory Therapists | 84.2 |
Radiologic Technicians | 84.1 |
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses | 82.1 |
Critical Care Nurses | 81.7 |
Orthodontists | 81.3 |
Radiologic Technologists | 81.2 |
Nurse Midwives | 81.1 |
Surgical Technologists | 80.7 |
Diagnostic Medical Sonographers | 80.5 |
Physical Therapist Aides | 80.3 |
Allergists and Immunologists | 80.3 |
Physician Assistants | 80 |
Acupuncturists | 79.9 |
Internists, General (Internal Medicine) | 79.9 |
Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians | 79.3 |
Physical Therapist Assistants | 79.3 |
Physical Therapists | 78.7 |
Occupational Therapy Aides | 78 |
Occupational Therapists | 77.8 |
Surgical Assistants | 77.7 |
Prosthodontists | 76.9 |
Surgeons | 76.3 |
Flight Attendants | 75.7 |
Anesthesiologists | 75.4 |
Chiropractors | 75.1 |
Occupational Therapy Assistants | 75 |
Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers | 75 |
Nuclear Medicine Technologists | 74.8 |
Naturopathic Physicians | 74.6 |
Neurodiagnostic Technologists | 74.5 |
Nursing Assistants | 72.5 |
Medical Assistants | 72.2 |
Orthoptists | 72.2 |
Midwives | 71.9 |
Nurse Anesthetists | 70.8 |
Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics | 70.8 |
Athletic Trainers | 70.6 |
Podiatrists | 70.2 |
Veterinarians | 70.1 |
Neurologists | 70 |
Psychiatric Technicians | 69.8 |
Barbers | 69.1 |
Psychiatric Aides | 69 |
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Physicians | 69 |
Ophthalmic Medical Technologists | 68.5 |
Phlebotomists | 68.2 |
Skincare Specialists | 68.1 |
Special Education Teachers, Preschool | 67.4 |
Bus Drivers, School or Special Client | 67.3 |
Anesthesiologist Assistants | 67.2 |
Home Health Aides | 66.4 |
Veterinary Technologists and Technicians | 66 |
Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education | 65.8 |
Endoscopy Technicians | 65.8 |
Patient Representatives | 65.1 |
Speech-Language Pathology Assistants | 64.9 |
Personal Care Aides | 64 |
Medical Equipment Preparers | 63.9 |
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists | 63.7 |
Municipal Firefighters | 63.3 |
First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers | 62.9 |
Recreational Therapists | 62.8 |
Hearing Aid Specialists | 62.7 |
Pharmacy Technicians | 62.5 |
Ophthalmic Medical Technicians | 62.3 |
Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists | 62.2 |
Clinical Nurse Specialists | 62 |
Transportation Security Screeners | 61.4 |
First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers | 61 |
Dancers | 61 |
Nurse Practitioners | 60.9 |
Optometrists | 60.9 |
Immigration and Customs Inspectors | 60.8 |
Exercise Physiologists | 60.7 |
Ambulance Drivers and Attendants, Except Emergency Medical Technicians | 60.7 |
Correctional Officers and Jailers | 60.4 |
Social and Human Service Assistants | 60.3 |
Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs | 59 |
Pharmacy Aides | 58.8 |
Municipal Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors | 58.3 |
Healthcare Social Workers | 58.2 |
Childcare Workers | 58 |
Special Education Teachers, Kindergarten and Elementary School | 57.2 |
Pharmacists | 56.9 |
Orthotists and Prosthetists | 56.7 |
Shampooers | 56.6 |
Music Therapists | 56.1 |
Amusement and Recreation Attendants | 56 |
Slot Supervisors | 55.9 |
Teacher Assistants | 55.8 |
Education Administrators, Preschool and Childcare Center/Program | 55.7 |
Special Education Teachers, Middle School | 55.6 |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technologists | 55.6 |
Adapted Physical Education Specialists | 55.2 |
Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education | 55.2 |
Gaming Dealers | 55 |
Advanced Practice Psychiatric Nurses | 54.2 |
Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education | 53.8 |
Fire Investigators | 53.8 |
Singers | 52.9 |
Massage Therapists | 52.8 |
Speech-Language Pathologists | 52.7 |
Choreographers | 52.4 |
Medical Secretaries | 52.2 |
Police Patrol Officers | 51.9 |
First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives | 51.9 |
Transportation Attendants, Except Flight Attendants | 51.8 |
Transit and Railroad Police | 51.6 |
Morticians, Undertakers, and Funeral Directors | 51.3 |
Pipelayers | 51.3 |
Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers | 51.2 |
Radiologists | 51.1 |
Tellers | 50.9 |
Bailiffs | 50.7 |
Opticians, Dispensing | 50.6 |
Septic Tank Servicers and Sewer Pipe Cleaners | 50.5 |
Actors | 50.4 |
Gaming Surveillance Officers and Gaming Investigators | 50.3 |
Dietetic Technicians | 50.3 |
First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers | 50.2 |
Animal Control Workers | 50.1 |
Audiologists | 50 |
Manicurists and Pedicurists | 49.5 |
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians | 49.3 |
Embalmers | 49 |
Spa Managers | 48.7 |
Nuclear Medicine Physicians | 48.6 |
Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors | 48.6 |
Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop | 48.4 |
Recreation Workers | 48 |
Police Detectives | 47.9 |
Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity | 47.9 |
Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance | 47.8 |
Coroners | 47.8 |
Police Identification and Records Officers | 47.7 |
Food Servers, Nonrestaurant | 47.6 |
Gaming Supervisors | 47.2 |
Stock Clerks, Sales Floor | 47.2 |
Airline Pilots, Copilots, and Flight Engineers | 46.9 |
Interpreters and Translators | 46.8 |
Subway and Streetcar Operators | 46.7 |
Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 46.6 |
Funeral Attendants | 46.4 |
Licensing Examiners and Inspectors | 45.9 |
Nonfarm Animal Caretakers | 45.9 |
Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors | 45.7 |
Forest Firefighters | 45.6 |
Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers | 45.6 |
Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Powerhouse, Substation, and Relay | 45.3 |
Postal Service Clerks | 45 |
Criminal Investigators and Special Agents | 44.8 |
Gaming and Sports Book Writers and Runners | 44.3 |
Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria | 44 |
Gaming Cage Workers | 43.9 |
Dietitians and Nutritionists | 43.7 |
Waiters and Waitresses | 43.6 |
License Clerks | 43.3 |
Bartenders | 43.1 |
Special Education Teachers, Secondary School | 43.1 |
Structural Iron and Steel Workers | 42.9 |
Food Preparation Workers | 42.8 |
Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary | 42.8 |
Low Vision Therapists, Orientation and Mobility Specialists, and Vision Rehabilitation Therapists | 42.7 |
Receptionists and Information Clerks | 42.6 |
First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers | 42.6 |
Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners | 42.4 |
Statement Clerks | 42.2 |
Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room Attendants | 41.9 |
Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks | 41.8 |
Gaming Change Persons and Booth Cashiers | 41.7 |
Cashiers | 41.7 |
Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists | 41.6 |
Child, Family, and School Social Workers | 41.6 |
Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service | 41.2 |
Gaming Managers | 41.2 |
Adhesive Bonding Machine Operators and Tenders | 41.1 |
Couriers and Messengers | 41.1 |
Tutors | 41 |
Credit Checkers | 41 |
Air Traffic Controllers | 40.9 |
Educational, Guidance, School, and Vocational Counselors | 40.9 |
Nursing Instructors and Teachers, Postsecondary | 40.7 |
Office Clerks, General | 40.6 |
Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners | 40.5 |
Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance Equipment Operators | 40.2 |
Food Service Managers | 40.1 |
Baristas | 40 |
Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers | 40 |
Interviewers, Except Eligibility and Loan | 39.9 |
Community Health Workers | 39.7 |
Counter Attendants, Cafeteria, Food Concession, and Coffee Shop | 39.6 |
Clinical Research Coordinators | 39.5 |
Quality Control Systems Managers | 39.4 |
Roustabouts, Oil and Gas | 39.4 |
Derrick Operators, Oil and Gas | 39.2 |
Commercial Pilots | 39.2 |
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School | 39.1 |
Radio Operators | 38.9 |
Retail Salespersons | 38.7 |
Ship and Boat Captains | 38.6 |
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School | 38.5 |
Histotechnologists and Histologic Technicians | 38.3 |
New Accounts Clerks | 38.3 |
Tailors, Dressmakers, and Custom Sewers | 38.3 |
Procurement Clerks | 38.2 |
Crossing Guards | 38.2 |
Driver/Sales Workers | 38.1 |
Fire Inspectors | 38 |
Costume Attendants | 38 |
Loan Interviewers and Clerks | 37.7 |
Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary | 37.6 |
First-Line Supervisors of Transportation and Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators | 37.5 |
Elevator Installers and Repairers | 37.4 |
Telemarketers | 37.3 |
Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Instructors | 37.3 |
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education | 37.3 |
Administrative Law Judges, Adjudicators, and Hearing Officers | 37.3 |
Cooks, Restaurant | 37.3 |
Tire Repairers and Changers | 37.2 |
Brokerage Clerks | 37.2 |
Rough Carpenters | 37.2 |
Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance | 37.1 |
Chefs and Head Cooks | 37 |
Transportation Vehicle, Equipment and Systems Inspectors, Except Aviation | 37 |
Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators | 37 |
Real Estate Sales Agents | 36.9 |
Pile-Driver Operators | 36.9 |
Counter and Rental Clerks | 36.8 |
Combined Food Preparation and Serving Workers, Including Fast Food | 36.8 |
Parking Lot Attendants | 36.8 |
Mental Health Counselors | 36.6 |
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive | 36.5 |
Radio, Cellular, and Tower Equipment Installers and Repairers | 36.5 |
Manufactured Building and Mobile Home Installers | 36.5 |
Postmasters and Mail Superintendents | 36.3 |
Construction Laborers | 36.3 |
Microbiologists | 36.2 |
Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers | 36.2 |
Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door | 36.1 |
Broadcast News Analysts | 36.1 |
Roof Bolters, Mining | 35.8 |
Musicians, Instrumental | 35.8 |
Library Assistants, Clerical | 35.8 |
Coaches and Scouts | 35.8 |
Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service Workers | 35.4 |
Cooks, Short Order | 35.4 |
First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand | 35.3 |
Concierges | 35.3 |
Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs | 35.2 |
Fish and Game Wardens | 35.2 |
Helpers--Extraction Workers | 35.1 |
General and Operations Managers | 35.1 |
Forest Fire Fighting and Prevention Supervisors | 35.1 |
Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary | 34.8 |
Railroad Brake, Signal, and Switch Operators | 34.8 |
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General | 34.7 |
Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products | 34.6 |
Cement Masons and Concrete Finishers | 34.6 |
Marriage and Family Therapists | 34.5 |
Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes | 34.5 |
Self-Enrichment Education Teachers | 34.4 |
Funeral Service Managers | 34.3 |
Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers | 34.3 |
Cytogenetic Technologists | 34.3 |
Health Educators | 34.2 |
Copy Writers | 34.2 |
Civil Engineering Technicians | 34.2 |
Highway Maintenance Workers | 34.1 |
Insurance Appraisers, Auto Damage | 34 |
Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs | 33.9 |
Service Unit Operators, Oil, Gas, and Mining | 33.9 |
Packers and Packagers, Hand | 33.9 |
Light Truck or Delivery Services Drivers | 33.8 |
Helpers--Carpenters | 33.8 |
Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks | 33.7 |
Retail Loss Prevention Specialists | 33.7 |
Ship Engineers | 33.6 |
Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers | 33.5 |
First-Line Supervisors of Animal Husbandry and Animal Care Workers | 33.5 |
Art Therapists | 33.5 |
Demonstrators and Product Promoters | 33.5 |
Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping | 33.5 |
Chief Executives | 33.4 |
Motorboat Operators | 33.2 |
Instructional Coordinators | 33.2 |
Librarians | 33.2 |
Directors- Stage, Motion Pictures, Television, and Radio | 33.2 |
Parts Salespersons | 33.1 |
Rehabilitation Counselors | 33.1 |
Boilermakers | 33 |
Sailors and Marine Oilers | 32.9 |
Bill and Account Collectors | 32.9 |
Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary | 32.9 |
Fiberglass Laminators and Fabricators | 32.9 |
Securities and Commodities Traders | 32.8 |
Transportation Managers | 32.7 |
Electricians | 32.6 |
Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders | 32.5 |
Forest and Conservation Workers | 32.5 |
Home Appliance Repairers | 32.5 |
Sales Agents, Financial Services | 32.4 |
Farm Labor Contractors | 32.3 |
Refuse and Recyclable Material Collectors | 32.3 |
Vocational Education Teachers, Postsecondary | 32.3 |
Commercial Divers | 32.2 |
Fishers and Related Fishing Workers | 32.1 |
Loss Prevention Managers | 32 |
Police, Fire, and Ambulance Dispatchers | 32 |
Producers | 32 |
Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents | 31.9 |
Gem and Diamond Workers | 31.9 |
Nannies | 31.9 |
Construction Carpenters | 31.8 |
First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers | 31.8 |
Government Property Inspectors and Investigators | 31.7 |
Food Cooking Machine Operators and Tenders | 31.7 |
Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons | 31.7 |
Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers | 31.6 |
Mechanical Engineering Technologists | 31.4 |
Education Administrators, Elementary and Secondary School | 31.3 |
Program Directors | 31.3 |
Signal and Track Switch Repairers | 31.3 |
Plumbers | 31.2 |
Wind Turbine Service Technicians | 31.2 |
Adult Basic and Secondary Education and Literacy Teachers and Instructors | 31.2 |
Technical Directors/Managers | 31.2 |
Real Estate Brokers | 31.2 |
Bakers | 31.2 |
Fashion Designers | 31.2 |
Computer User Support Specialists | 31.1 |
Mechanical Engineers | 31.1 |
Dental Laboratory Technicians | 31.1 |
Helpers--Painters, Paperhangers, Plasterers, and Stucco Masons | 31.1 |
Forensic Science Technicians | 31.1 |
Baggage Porters and Bellhops | 31 |
Preventive Medicine Physicians | 31 |
Psychiatrists | 30.9 |
Billing, Cost, and Rate Clerks | 30.9 |
Tour Guides and Escorts | 30.8 |
Directors, Religious Activities and Education | 30.8 |
Solar Energy Installation Managers | 30.8 |
Floral Designers | 30.8 |
First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers | 30.8 |
Order Clerks | 30.7 |
Court Clerks | 30.6 |
Marking Clerks | 30.6 |
Customer Service Representatives | 30.6 |
First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers | 30.6 |
Mine Cutting and Channeling Machine Operators | 30.6 |
Clergy | 30.5 |
Sales Managers | 30.4 |
Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals | 30.4 |
Cargo and Freight Agents | 30.3 |
Models | 30.3 |
Agricultural Inspectors | 30.2 |
Music Directors | 30.2 |
Credit Authorizers | 30.1 |
Lodging Managers | 30.1 |
Pilots, Ship | 30.1 |
Sheet Metal Workers | 30 |
Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service | 29.8 |
Nuclear Power Reactor Operators | 29.8 |
First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers | 29.8 |
Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates | 29.8 |
Buyers and Purchasing Agents, Farm Products | 29.7 |
Stonemasons | 29.7 |
Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers | 29.7 |
Airfield Operations Specialists | 29.6 |
Computer Network Support Specialists | 29.6 |
Photographic Process Workers and Processing Machine Operators | 29.5 |
First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers | 29.4 |
Model Makers, Metal and Plastic | 29.4 |
Emergency Management Directors | 29.4 |
Clinical Psychologists | 29.4 |
Mechanical Engineering Technicians | 29.4 |
Dishwashers | 29.3 |
Medical Appliance Technicians | 29.2 |
Millwrights | 29.2 |
Floor Layers, Except Carpet, Wood, and Hard Tiles | 29.1 |
Social and Community Service Managers | 29 |
Freight Forwarders | 28.9 |
Public Relations and Fundraising Managers | 28.9 |
Camera Operators, Television, Video, and Motion Picture | 28.9 |
Neuropsychologists and Clinical Neuropsychologists | 28.8 |
Helpers--Pipelayers, Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters | 28.8 |
Electric Motor, Power Tool, and Related Repairers | 28.7 |
Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers | 28.7 |
Molding and Casting Workers | 28.7 |
Locksmiths and Safe Repairers | 28.6 |
Rotary Drill Operators, Oil and Gas | 28.5 |
First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers | 28.5 |
Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers | 28.4 |
Computer Operators | 28.3 |
Wind Energy Operations Managers | 28.3 |
Word Processors and Typists | 28.2 |
Fitness and Wellness Coordinators | 28.1 |
Helpers--Electricians | 28 |
Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators, and Gaugers | 28 |
Freight and Cargo Inspectors | 28 |
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products | 27.9 |
Food Batchmakers | 27.9 |
Roofers | 27.8 |
Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants | 27.8 |
Loan Counselors | 27.8 |
Loan Officers | 27.8 |
Radio and Television Announcers | 27.6 |
Animal Trainers | 27.6 |
Residential Advisors | 27.6 |
Locomotive Engineers | 27.5 |
Biological Science Teachers, Postsecondary | 27.5 |
Model Makers, Wood | 27.5 |
Forest Fire Inspectors and Prevention Specialists | 27.5 |
Advertising Sales Agents | 27.4 |
Quality Control Analysts | 27.3 |
Engine and Other Machine Assemblers | 27.3 |
Riggers | 27.3 |
Credit Counselors | 27.3 |
Talent Directors | 27.2 |
Automotive and Watercraft Service Attendants | 27.2 |
Recycling Coordinators | 27.1 |
Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders | 26.9 |
Data Entry Keyers | 26.9 |
Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers | 26.9 |
Cytotechnologists | 26.9 |
Human Resources Specialists | 26.8 |
Crane and Tower Operators | 26.8 |
Nuclear Equipment Operation Technicians | 26.8 |
Labor Relations Specialists | 26.7 |
Municipal Clerks | 26.6 |
Industrial Production Managers | 26.6 |
Pipe Fitters and Steamfitters | 26.5 |
Rolling Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 26.5 |
Radio Mechanics | 26.5 |
Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, and Kettle Operators and Tenders | 26.5 |
Weighers, Measurers, Checkers, and Samplers, Recordkeeping | 26.5 |
Railroad Conductors and Yardmasters | 26.4 |
Home Economics Teachers, Postsecondary | 26.4 |
Order Fillers, Wholesale and Retail Sales | 26.4 |
Solar Sales Representatives and Assessors | 26.4 |
Counseling Psychologists | 26.3 |
Gas Compressor and Gas Pumping Station Operators | 26.3 |
Glaziers | 26.2 |
Heating and Air Conditioning Mechanics and Installers | 26.2 |
Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers | 26.2 |
First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers | 26.2 |
Paralegals and Legal Assistants | 26.1 |
Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers, Transportation Equipment | 26.1 |
Biological Technicians | 26 |
Atmospheric, Earth, Marine, and Space Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary | 26 |
Continuous Mining Machine Operators | 26 |
Range Managers | 26 |
Training and Development Managers | 26 |
Medical and Health Services Managers | 25.9 |
Insulation Workers, Mechanical | 25.9 |
Rail Yard Engineers, Dinkey Operators, and Hostlers | 25.8 |
Correspondence Clerks | 25.8 |
Distance Learning Coordinators | 25.8 |
Reporters and Correspondents | 25.8 |
Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians | 25.7 |
Compliance Managers | 25.7 |
Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks | 25.7 |
Insurance Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators | 25.6 |
Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders | 25.6 |
Industrial Machinery Mechanics | 25.6 |
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand | 25.5 |
Slaughterers and Meat Packers | 25.5 |
Foundry Mold and Coremakers | 25.4 |
Marine Architects | 25.4 |
Meter Readers, Utilities | 25.2 |
Butchers and Meat Cutters | 25.2 |
Audio and Video Equipment Technicians | 25.2 |
Outdoor Power Equipment and Other Small Engine Mechanics | 25.2 |
Accountants | 25.2 |
Environmental Engineering Technicians | 25.1 |
Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists | 25.1 |
Claims Examiners, Property and Casualty Insurance | 25 |
Biofuels Processing Technicians | 25 |
Security Managers | 25 |
Customs Brokers | 25 |
Nursery and Greenhouse Managers | 24.9 |
Park Naturalists | 24.8 |
Medical Transcriptionists | 24.8 |
Shoe and Leather Workers and Repairers | 24.8 |
Segmental Pavers | 24.8 |
Biofuels Production Managers | 24.8 |
Mates- Ship, Boat, and Barge | 24.7 |
Sales Agents, Securities and Commodities | 24.7 |
Chemical Plant and System Operators | 24.7 |
Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators | 24.7 |
Biomass Plant Technicians | 24.6 |
Network and Computer Systems Administrators | 24.6 |
Tree Trimmers and Pruners | 24.5 |
Insurance Sales Agents | 24.5 |
Power Distributors and Dispatchers | 24.5 |
Door-To-Door Sales Workers, News and Street Vendors, and Related Workers | 24.3 |
Proofreaders and Copy Markers | 24.3 |
Athletes and Sports Competitors | 24.3 |
Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials | 24.2 |
Mechatronics Engineers | 24.1 |
Fence Erectors | 24 |
Maintenance Workers, Machinery | 24 |
Construction Managers | 24 |
Weatherization Installers and Technicians | 23.9 |
Patternmakers, Metal and Plastic | 23.9 |
Industrial Engineering Technicians | 23.9 |
Financial Managers, Branch or Department | 23.9 |
Security Guards | 23.9 |
Mechanical Door Repairers | 23.8 |
Biomass Power Plant Managers | 23.8 |
Advertising and Promotions Managers | 23.8 |
Film and Video Editors | 23.8 |
Travel Agents | 23.8 |
Marketing Managers | 23.8 |
Criminal Justice and Law Enforcement Teachers, Postsecondary | 23.8 |
Logisticians | 23.7 |
File Clerks | 23.7 |
Pathologists | 23.6 |
Biologists | 23.6 |
First-Line Supervisors of Aquacultural Workers | 23.6 |
Hydroelectric Plant Technicians | 23.5 |
Bicycle Repairers | 23.5 |
Timing Device Assemblers and Adjusters | 23.5 |
Electro-Mechanical Technicians | 23.4 |
Computer Programmers | 23.4 |
Graders and Sorters, Agricultural Products | 23.4 |
Recycling and Reclamation Workers | 23.4 |
Anthropology and Archeology Teachers, Postsecondary | 23.4 |
Pest Control Workers | 23.2 |
Forging Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 23.2 |
Genetic Counselors | 23.2 |
Sociology Teachers, Postsecondary | 23.2 |
Textile Winding, Twisting, and Drawing Out Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders | 23.1 |
Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers | 23.1 |
Lawyers | 23 |
Painters, Construction and Maintenance | 23 |
Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary | 22.9 |
Helpers--Brickmasons, Blockmasons, Stonemasons, and Tile and Marble Setters | 22.9 |
Art Directors | 22.9 |
Brickmasons and Blockmasons | 22.9 |
Chemical Technicians | 22.9 |
Training and Development Specialists | 22.8 |
Energy Auditors | 22.7 |
Occupational Health and Safety Specialists | 22.7 |
Agricultural Technicians | 22.7 |
Sawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Wood | 22.7 |
Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners | 22.7 |
Power Plant Operators | 22.6 |
Public Address System and Other Announcers | 22.6 |
Architecture Teachers, Postsecondary | 22.6 |
Office Machine Operators, Except Computer | 22.6 |
Insurance Claims Clerks | 22.5 |
Audio-Visual and Multimedia Collections Specialists | 22.5 |
Team Assemblers | 22.5 |
Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant and System Operators | 22.4 |
Sales Engineers | 22.3 |
Auditors | 22.3 |
Photographers | 22.3 |
Purchasing Managers | 22.2 |
Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists | 22.2 |
Risk Management Specialists | 22.2 |
Public Relations Specialists | 22.2 |
Communications Teachers, Postsecondary | 22.2 |
Fabric and Apparel Patternmakers | 22.1 |
Energy Brokers | 22.1 |
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks | 22.1 |
First-Line Supervisors of Logging Workers | 22.1 |
Food Science Technicians | 22.1 |
Postal Service Mail Sorters, Processors, and Processing Machine Operators | 22 |
Law Teachers, Postsecondary | 21.9 |
Recreational Vehicle Service Technicians | 21.9 |
Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks | 21.8 |
Avionics Technicians | 21.7 |
Graduate Teaching Assistants | 21.7 |
Automotive Glass Installers and Repairers | 21.7 |
Locomotive Firers | 21.7 |
Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment | 21.6 |
Equal Opportunity Representatives and Officers | 21.5 |
Education Administrators, Postsecondary | 21.5 |
Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators | 21.5 |
Motorboat Mechanics and Service Technicians | 21.4 |
Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers | 21.4 |
Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers | 21.4 |
Textile Bleaching and Dyeing Machine Operators and Tenders | 21.4 |
Online Merchants | 21.4 |
Extruding and Forming Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Synthetic and Glass Fibers | 21.3 |
Hunters and Trappers | 21.2 |
Helpers--Roofers | 21.1 |
Industrial Truck and Tractor Operators | 21.1 |
Logistics Managers | 21.1 |
Insurance Underwriters | 21.1 |
Rail Car Repairers | 21 |
Chemists | 20.9 |
Mobile Heavy Equipment Mechanics, Except Engines | 20.9 |
Nuclear Monitoring Technicians | 20.9 |
Human Resources Managers | 20.8 |
Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters | 20.8 |
English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary | 20.8 |
Petroleum Engineers | 20.8 |
Computer and Information Research Scientists | 20.8 |
Cleaners of Vehicles and Equipment | 20.8 |
Automotive Specialty Technicians | 20.7 |
Video Game Designers | 20.7 |
Compensation and Benefits Managers | 20.6 |
Supply Chain Managers | 20.6 |
Forest and Conservation Technicians | 20.6 |
Radio Frequency Identification Device Specialists | 20.6 |
Chief Sustainability Officers | 20.5 |
Private Detectives and Investigators | 20.5 |
Administrative Services Managers | 20.5 |
Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders | 20.5 |
Electronic Home Entertainment Equipment Installers and Repairers | 20.4 |
Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders | 20.4 |
Telecommunications Engineering Specialists | 20.4 |
Industrial Engineers | 20.4 |
Computer and Information Systems Managers | 20.3 |
Budget Analysts | 20.3 |
Assessors | 20.3 |
Aerospace Engineers | 20.3 |
Multiple Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 20.3 |
Personal Financial Advisors | 20.2 |
Legal Secretaries | 20.2 |
Paving, Surfacing, and Tamping Equipment Operators | 20.1 |
Bioinformatics Technicians | 20 |
Reinforcing Iron and Rebar Workers | 20 |
Electromechanical Engineering Technologists | 20 |
Commercial and Industrial Designers | 20 |
Credit Analysts | 20 |
Tax Preparers | 20 |
Validation Engineers | 20 |
Occupational Health and Safety Technicians | 20 |
Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary | 20 |
Travel Guides | 20 |
Industrial Safety and Health Engineers | 20 |
Mixing and Blending Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders | 19.9 |
Library Technicians | 19.9 |
Editors | 19.9 |
Informatics Nurse Specialists | 19.8 |
Computer Systems Analysts | 19.8 |
Cabinetmakers and Bench Carpenters | 19.7 |
Cost Estimators | 19.7 |
Education Teachers, Postsecondary | 19.6 |
Geothermal Technicians | 19.6 |
Farm and Home Management Advisors | 19.6 |
Solar Thermal Installers and Technicians | 19.6 |
Physics Teachers, Postsecondary | 19.4 |
Multimedia Artists and Animators | 19.4 |
Shipping, Receiving, and Traffic Clerks | 19.4 |
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products | 19.4 |
Medical Equipment Repairers | 19.4 |
Sound Engineering Technicians | 19.4 |
Financial Analysts | 19.3 |
Electromechanical Equipment Assemblers | 19.3 |
Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians | 19.3 |
Food Scientists and Technologists | 19.2 |
Anthropologists | 19.1 |
Information Technology Project Managers | 19 |
Hydroelectric Production Managers | 19 |
Cutters and Trimmers, Hand | 18.9 |
Industrial-Organizational Psychologists | 18.9 |
Coating, Painting, and Spraying Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders | 18.9 |
Geophysical Data Technicians | 18.9 |
Library Science Teachers, Postsecondary | 18.9 |
Treasurers and Controllers | 18.9 |
Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health | 18.8 |
Set and Exhibit Designers | 18.8 |
Cartographers and Photogrammetrists | 18.8 |
Logging Equipment Operators | 18.8 |
Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers | 18.8 |
Court Reporters | 18.8 |
Fundraisers | 18.8 |
Mine Shuttle Car Operators | 18.7 |
Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary | 18.7 |
Fabric Menders, Except Garment | 18.6 |
Aircraft Structure, Surfaces, Rigging, and Systems Assemblers | 18.5 |
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval | 18.5 |
Agricultural Equipment Operators | 18.5 |
Insurance Policy Processing Clerks | 18.4 |
Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners | 18.4 |
Hazardous Materials Removal Workers | 18.3 |
Grinding and Polishing Workers, Hand | 18.3 |
Log Graders and Scalers | 18.3 |
Chemistry Teachers, Postsecondary | 18.2 |
Logistics Engineers | 18.2 |
Geothermal Production Managers | 18.2 |
Cooks, Fast Food | 18.2 |
Heat Treating Equipment Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 18.1 |
Cooling and Freezing Equipment Operators and Tenders | 18.1 |
Medical Records and Health Information Technicians | 18.1 |
Storage and Distribution Managers | 18.1 |
Aviation Inspectors | 18.1 |
Hoist and Winch Operators | 18 |
Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas | 18 |
Electronic Equipment Installers and Repairers, Motor Vehicles | 18 |
Environmental Science Teachers, Postsecondary | 17.9 |
Landscape Architects | 17.9 |
Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators | 17.9 |
Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists | 17.8 |
Layout Workers, Metal and Plastic | 17.8 |
Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technicians | 17.8 |
Plasterers and Stucco Masons | 17.8 |
Carpet Installers | 17.7 |
Printing Press Operators | 17.7 |
Soil and Water Conservationists | 17.5 |
Curators | 17.4 |
Water/Wastewater Engineers | 17.3 |
Crushing, Grinding, and Polishing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders | 17.1 |
Painting, Coating, and Decorating Workers | 17.1 |
Broadcast Technicians | 17.1 |
Investment Fund Managers | 17.1 |
Cleaning, Washing, and Metal Pickling Equipment Operators and Tenders | 17 |
Urban and Regional Planners | 17 |
Electronics Engineering Technicians | 17 |
Lathe and Turning Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 17 |
Motorcycle Mechanics | 17 |
Automotive Master Mechanics | 16.9 |
Aquacultural Managers | 16.7 |
Logistics Analysts | 16.7 |
Clinical Data Managers | 16.7 |
Manufacturing Engineers | 16.7 |
City and Regional Planning Aides | 16.7 |
Metal-Refining Furnace Operators and Tenders | 16.6 |
Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary | 16.5 |
Furniture Finishers | 16.4 |
Structural Metal Fabricators and Fitters | 16.4 |
Archeologists | 16.3 |
Parking Enforcement Workers | 16.2 |
Cutting and Slicing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders | 16.1 |
Historians | 16.1 |
Industrial Engineering Technologists | 16.1 |
Electrical Drafters | 16.1 |
Postal Service Mail Carriers | 16.1 |
Automotive Engineering Technicians | 16.1 |
Regulatory Affairs Managers | 16.1 |
Animal Scientists | 16.1 |
Precision Agriculture Technicians | 16 |
Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicers and Repairers | 16 |
Upholsterers | 16 |
Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Except Sawing | 16 |
Electrical Engineering Technologists | 16 |
Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products | 15.9 |
Photonics Engineers | 15.9 |
Geography Teachers, Postsecondary | 15.9 |
Interior Designers | 15.9 |
Computer Numerically Controlled Machine Tool Programmers, Metal and Plastic | 15.9 |
Electrical Engineers | 15.8 |
Technical Writers | 15.8 |
Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers | 15.7 |
Helpers--Production Workers | 15.7 |
Information Security Analysts | 15.6 |
Intelligence Analysts | 15.6 |
Computer-Controlled Machine Tool Operators, Metal and Plastic | 15.6 |
Insulation Workers, Floor, Ceiling, and Wall | 15.6 |
Geneticists | 15.6 |
Plating and Coating Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 15.6 |
Molding, Coremaking, and Casting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 15.5 |
Welders, Cutters, and Welder Fitters | 15.5 |
Sewing Machine Operators | 15.5 |
Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related Materials | 15.4 |
Transportation Planners | 15.3 |
Construction and Building Inspectors | 15.3 |
Electronics Engineers, Except Computer | 15.3 |
Machinists | 15.3 |
Automotive Body and Related Repairers | 15.2 |
Statistical Assistants | 15.2 |
Extruding and Drawing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 15.2 |
Business Continuity Planners | 15.2 |
Energy Engineers | 15.2 |
Robotics Technicians | 15.2 |
Transportation Engineers | 15.2 |
Machine Feeders and Offbearers | 15.1 |
Terrazzo Workers and Finishers | 15.1 |
Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, and Buffing Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 15.1 |
Economics Teachers, Postsecondary | 15 |
Regulatory Affairs Specialists | 15 |
Non-Destructive Testing Specialists | 15 |
Software Developers, Systems Software | 15 |
Bridge and Lock Tenders | 14.9 |
Tile and Marble Setters | 14.9 |
Forestry and Conservation Science Teachers, Postsecondary | 14.9 |
Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary | 14.9 |
School Psychologists | 14.8 |
Software Quality Assurance Engineers and Testers | 14.8 |
Environmental Engineers | 14.8 |
Farm Equipment Mechanics and Service Technicians | 14.8 |
Physicists | 14.7 |
Biofuels/Biodiesel Technology and Product Development Managers | 14.7 |
Software Developers, Applications | 14.7 |
Brownfield Redevelopment Specialists and Site Managers | 14.7 |
Document Management Specialists | 14.7 |
Biochemical Engineers | 14.7 |
Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precipitating, and Still Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders | 14.6 |
Wellhead Pumpers | 14.6 |
Drywall and Ceiling Tile Installers | 14.6 |
History Teachers, Postsecondary | 14.6 |
Traffic Technicians | 14.6 |
Product Safety Engineers | 14.6 |
Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists | 14.5 |
Biomedical Engineers | 14.5 |
Database Administrators | 14.5 |
Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 14.4 |
Patternmakers, Wood | 14.4 |
Solar Photovoltaic Installers | 14.3 |
Dredge Operators | 14.3 |
Museum Technicians and Conservators | 14.2 |
Security Management Specialists | 14.2 |
Animal Breeders | 14.1 |
Management Analysts | 14.1 |
Solar Energy Systems Engineers | 14.1 |
Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists | 14 |
Print Binding and Finishing Workers | 13.9 |
Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary | 13.9 |
Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary | 13.7 |
Natural Sciences Managers | 13.7 |
Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers | 13.7 |
Chemical Engineers | 13.6 |
Electronics Engineering Technologists | 13.5 |
Electrical Engineering Technicians | 13.5 |
Semiconductor Processors | 13.5 |
Conveyor Operators and Tenders | 13.5 |
Bioinformatics Scientists | 13.4 |
Epidemiologists | 13.3 |
Civil Engineers | 13.3 |
Agricultural Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary | 13.3 |
Tool Grinders, Filers, and Sharpeners | 13.3 |
Etchers and Engravers | 13.3 |
Remote Sensing Technicians | 13.3 |
Sustainability Specialists | 13.1 |
Climate Change Analysts | 13.1 |
Fire-Prevention and Protection Engineers | 13.1 |
Gas Plant Operators | 13.1 |
Automotive Engineers | 13 |
Manufacturing Production Technicians | 13 |
Geographers | 13 |
Mining and Geological Engineers, Including Mining Safety Engineers | 13 |
Pourers and Casters, Metal | 12.9 |
Tire Builders | 12.9 |
Nanotechnology Engineering Technicians | 12.9 |
Graphic Designers | 12.8 |
Drilling and Boring Machine Tool Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 12.8 |
Civil Drafters | 12.7 |
Environmental Restoration Planners | 12.7 |
Food and Tobacco Roasting, Baking, and Drying Machine Operators and Tenders | 12.6 |
Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers | 12.6 |
Fraud Examiners, Investigators and Analysts | 12.5 |
Web Developers | 12.5 |
Database Architects | 12.5 |
Business Intelligence Analysts | 12.5 |
Human Factors Engineers and Ergonomists | 12.5 |
Survey Researchers | 12.5 |
Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers | 12.4 |
Electronic Drafters | 12.2 |
Robotics Engineers | 12.2 |
Prepress Technicians and Workers | 12.2 |
Loading Machine Operators, Underground Mining | 12.2 |
Nanotechnology Engineering Technologists | 12.1 |
Motion Picture Projectionists | 12.1 |
Stock Clerks- Stockroom, Warehouse, or Storage Yard | 12.1 |
Financial Examiners | 12 |
Solderers and Brazers | 11.9 |
Architectural and Engineering Managers | 11.9 |
Surveyors | 11.8 |
Wind Energy Project Managers | 11.6 |
Textile Knitting and Weaving Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders | 11.6 |
Desktop Publishers | 11.3 |
Pesticide Handlers, Sprayers, and Applicators, Vegetation | 11.2 |
Coil Winders, Tapers, and Finishers | 11.2 |
Paperhangers | 11.1 |
Political Science Teachers, Postsecondary | 11.1 |
Cooks, Private Household | 11.1 |
Materials Engineers | 11.1 |
Farm and Ranch Managers | 11.1 |
Rock Splitters, Quarry | 11 |
Architectural Drafters | 11 |
Geographic Information Systems Technicians | 10.9 |
Stone Cutters and Carvers, Manufacturing | 10.9 |
Social Science Research Assistants | 10.7 |
Business Teachers, Postsecondary | 10.6 |
First-Line Supervisors of Agricultural Crop and Horticultural Workers | 10.6 |
Environmental Science and Protection Technicians, Including Health | 10.6 |
Camera and Photographic Equipment Repairers | 10.6 |
Nursery Workers | 10.5 |
Water Resource Specialists | 10.3 |
Computer Systems Engineers/Architects | 10.3 |
Agricultural Engineers | 10.3 |
Mechanical Drafters | 10.2 |
Instructional Designers and Technologists | 10.1 |
Wind Energy Engineers | 10.1 |
Appraisers, Real Estate | 10 |
Web Administrators | 10 |
Geodetic Surveyors | 10 |
Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop | 9.9 |
Nuclear Engineers | 9.9 |
Fuel Cell Engineers | 9.7 |
Nanosystems Engineers | 9.7 |
Surveying Technicians | 9.7 |
Watch Repairers | 9.7 |
Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators | 9.6 |
Milling and Planing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic | 9.3 |
Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders | 9.3 |
Manufacturing Engineering Technologists | 9.1 |
Foresters | 9 |
Political Scientists | 8.9 |
Floor Sanders and Finishers | 8.8 |
Search Marketing Strategists | 8.7 |
Mapping Technicians | 8.7 |
Archivists | 8.6 |
Precious Metal Workers | 8.4 |
Materials Scientists | 8.3 |
Judicial Law Clerks | 8.2 |
Biostatisticians | 8 |
Craft Artists | 8 |
Potters, Manufacturing | 8 |
Environmental Compliance Inspectors | 7.9 |
Welding, Soldering, and Brazing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders | 7.7 |
Textile Cutting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders | 7.6 |
Sewers, Hand | 7.5 |
Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers | 7.4 |
Painters, Transportation Equipment | 7.3 |
Geospatial Information Scientists and Technologists | 7.2 |
Marine Engineers | 7.2 |
Hydrologists | 7.2 |
Tool and Die Makers | 7.2 |
Industrial Ecologists | 6.9 |
Jewelers | 6.9 |
Statisticians | 6.7 |
Microsystems Engineers | 6.1 |
Music Composers and Arrangers | 6.1 |
Computer Hardware Engineers | 6.1 |
Biochemists and Biophysicists | 6.1 |
Sociologists | 6.1 |
Remote Sensing Scientists and Technologists | 6 |
Environmental Economists | 6 |
Molecular and Cellular Biologists | 5.8 |
Actuaries | 5.2 |
Atmospheric and Space Scientists | 5 |
Soil and Plant Scientists | 4.9 |
Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers | 4.9 |
Computer Network Architects | 4.8 |
Mathematicians | 4.3 |
Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers | 4.2 |
Operations Research Analysts | 3.5 |
Geological Sample Test Technicians | 3.3 |
Financial Quantitative Analysts | 2.9 |
Data Warehousing Specialists | 2.9 |
Fallers | 2.8 |
Photonics Technicians | 2.7 |
Tapers | 2.3 |
Astronomers | 2 |
Economists | 1.5 |
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Green
Mapped: The Greenest Countries in the World
The world’s growing focus on sustainability is a clear sign of the times. This map ranks the 40 greenest countries in the world.
Published
1 week agoon
February 25, 2021
Mapped: The Greenest Countries in the World
From widening wealth disparity to the environmental ramifications of economic development—the growing focus on global sustainability is a clear sign of the times.
Research reveals that when a sustainable ethos is applied to policy and business, it typically bodes well for economies and people alike. By providing benchmarks for those decisions, indexes like Yale’s Environmental Performance Index (EPI) can be critical to measuring national sustainability efforts.
The above map interprets the EPI ranking of 180 economies across 32 environmental health indicators by narrowing in on the top 40 greenest countries.
Who’s the Greenest of them All?
Despite the decades-long trend of globalization, national environmental policies have proved to be widely divergent. The EPI report confirms that those policies—and their positive results—are highly correlated with national wealth.
This is evidenced in the global EPI distributions, seen below:
OVERALL RANK | COUNTRY | SCORE | REGIONAL RANK |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Denmark | 82.5 | 1 |
2 | Luxembourg | 82.3 | 2 |
3 | Switzerland | 81.5 | 3 |
4 | United Kingdom | 81.3 | 4 |
5 | France | 80 | 5 |
6 | Austria | 79.6 | 6 |
7 | Finland | 78.9 | 7 |
8 | Sweden | 78.7 | 8 |
9 | Norway | 77.7 | 9 |
10 | Germany | 77.2 | 10 |
11 | Netherlands | 75.3 | 11 |
12 | Japan | 75.1 | 1 |
13 | Australia | 74.9 | 12 |
14 | Spain | 74.3 | 13 |
15 | Belgium | 73.3 | 14 |
16 | Ireland | 72.8 | 15 |
17 | Iceland | 72.3 | 16 |
18 | Slovenia | 72 | 1 |
19 | New Zealand | 71.3 | 17 |
20 | Canada | 71 | 18 |
21 | Czech Republic | 71 | 2 |
22 | Italy | 71 | 18 |
23 | Malta | 70.7 | 20 |
24 | United States of America | 69.3 | 21 |
25 | Greece | 69.1 | 3 |
26 | Slovakia | 68.3 | 4 |
27 | Portugal | 67 | 22 |
28 | South Korea | 66.5 | 2 |
29 | Israel | 65.8 | 1 |
30 | Estonia | 65.3 | 5 |
31 | Cyprus | 64.8 | 6 |
32 | Romania | 64.7 | 7 |
33 | Hungary | 63.7 | 8 |
34 | Croatia | 63.1 | 9 |
35 | Lithuania | 62.9 | 10 |
36 | Latvia | 61.6 | 11 |
37 | Poland | 60.9 | 12 |
38 | Seychelles | 58.2 | 1 |
39 | Singapore | 58.1 | 3 |
40 | Taiwan | 57.2 | 4 |
41 | Bulgaria | 57 | 13 |
42 | United Arab Emirates | 55.6 | 2 |
43 | North Macedonia | 55.4 | 14 |
44 | Chile | 55.3 | 1 |
45 | Serbia | 55.2 | 15 |
46 | Brunei Darussalam | 54.8 | 5 |
47 | Kuwait | 53.6 | 3 |
48 | Jordan | 53.4 | 4 |
49 | Belarus | 53 | 1 |
50 | Colombia | 52.9 | 2 |
51 | Mexico | 52.6 | 3 |
52 | Costa Rica | 52.5 | 4 |
53 | Armenia | 52.3 | 2 |
54 | Argentina | 52.2 | 5 |
55 | Brazil | 51.2 | 6 |
56 | Bahrain | 51 | 5 |
57 | Ecuador | 51 | 7 |
58 | Russia | 50.5 | 3 |
59 | Venezuela | 50.3 | 8 |
60 | Ukraine | 49.5 | 4 |
61 | Uruguay | 49.1 | 9 |
62 | Albania | 49 | 16 |
63 | Antigua and Barbuda | 48.5 | 10 |
64 | Cuba | 48.4 | 11 |
65 | St. Vincent and Grenadines | 48.4 | 11 |
66 | Jamaica | 48.2 | 13 |
67 | Iran | 48 | 6 |
68 | Malaysia | 47.9 | 6 |
69 | Trinidad and Tobago | 47.5 | 14 |
70 | Panama | 47.3 | 15 |
71 | Tunisia | 46.7 | 7 |
72 | Azerbaijan | 46.5 | 5 |
73 | Paraguay | 46.4 | 16 |
74 | Dominican Republic | 46.3 | 17 |
75 | Montenegro | 46.3 | 17 |
76 | Gabon | 45.8 | 2 |
77 | Barbados | 45.6 | 18 |
78 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 45.4 | 18 |
79 | Lebanon | 45.4 | 8 |
80 | Thailand | 45.4 | 7 |
81 | Suriname | 45.2 | 19 |
82 | Mauritius | 45.1 | 3 |
83 | Tonga | 45.1 | 8 |
84 | Algeria | 44.8 | 9 |
85 | Kazakhstan | 44.7 | 6 |
86 | Dominica | 44.6 | 20 |
87 | Moldova | 44.4 | 7 |
88 | Bolivia | 44.3 | 21 |
89 | Uzbekistan | 44.3 | 8 |
90 | Peru | 44 | 22 |
91 | Saudi Arabia | 44 | 10 |
92 | Turkmenistan | 43.9 | 9 |
93 | Bahamas | 43.5 | 23 |
94 | Egypt | 43.3 | 11 |
95 | El Salvador | 43.1 | 24 |
96 | Grenada | 43.1 | 24 |
97 | Saint Lucia | 43.1 | 24 |
98 | South Africa | 43.1 | 4 |
99 | Turkey | 42.6 | 19 |
100 | Morocco | 42.3 | 12 |
101 | Belize | 41.9 | 27 |
102 | Georgia | 41.3 | 10 |
103 | Botswana | 40.4 | 5 |
104 | Namibia | 40.2 | 6 |
105 | Kyrgyzstan | 39.8 | 11 |
106 | Iraq | 39.5 | 13 |
107 | Bhutan | 39.3 | 1 |
108 | Nicaragua | 39.2 | 28 |
109 | Sri Lanka | 39 | 2 |
110 | Oman | 38.5 | 14 |
111 | Philippines | 38.4 | 9 |
112 | Burkina Faso | 38.3 | 7 |
113 | Malawi | 38.3 | 7 |
114 | Tajikistan | 38.2 | 12 |
115 | Equatorial Guinea | 38.1 | 9 |
116 | Honduras | 37.8 | 29 |
117 | Indonesia | 37.8 | 10 |
118 | Kiribati | 37.7 | 11 |
119 | São Tomé and Príncipe | 37.6 | 10 |
120 | China | 37.3 | 12 |
121 | Samoa | 37.3 | 12 |
122 | Qatar | 37.1 | 15 |
123 | Zimbabwe | 37 | 11 |
124 | Central African Republic | 36.9 | 12 |
125 | Dem. Rep. Congo | 36.4 | 13 |
126 | Guyana | 35.9 | 30 |
127 | Maldives | 35.6 | 3 |
128 | Uganda | 35.6 | 14 |
129 | Timor-Leste | 35.3 | 14 |
130 | Laos | 34.8 | 15 |
131 | Sudan | 34.8 | 16 |
132 | Kenya | 34.7 | 15 |
133 | Zambia | 34.7 | 15 |
134 | Ethiopia | 34.4 | 17 |
135 | Fiji | 34.4 | 16 |
136 | Mozambique | 33.9 | 18 |
137 | Eswatini | 33.8 | 19 |
138 | Rwanda | 33.8 | 19 |
139 | Cambodia | 33.6 | 17 |
140 | Cameroon | 33.6 | 21 |
141 | Viet Nam | 33.4 | 18 |
142 | Pakistan | 33.1 | 4 |
143 | Micronesia | 33 | 19 |
144 | Cabo Verde | 32.8 | 22 |
145 | Nepal | 32.7 | 5 |
146 | Papua New Guinea | 32.4 | 20 |
147 | Mongolia | 32.2 | 21 |
148 | Comoros | 32.1 | 23 |
149 | Guatemala | 31.8 | 31 |
150 | Tanzania | 31.1 | 24 |
151 | Nigeria | 31 | 25 |
152 | Marshall Islands | 30.8 | 22 |
153 | Niger | 30.8 | 26 |
154 | Republic of Congo | 30.8 | 26 |
155 | Senegal | 30.7 | 28 |
156 | Eritrea | 30.4 | 29 |
157 | Benin | 30 | 30 |
158 | Angola | 29.7 | 31 |
159 | Togo | 29.5 | 32 |
160 | Mali | 29.4 | 33 |
161 | Guinea-Bissau | 29.1 | 34 |
162 | Bangladesh | 29 | 6 |
163 | Vanuatu | 28.9 | 23 |
164 | Djibouti | 28.1 | 35 |
165 | Lesotho | 28 | 36 |
166 | Gambia | 27.9 | 37 |
167 | Mauritania | 27.7 | 38 |
168 | Ghana | 27.6 | 39 |
169 | India | 27.6 | 7 |
170 | Burundi | 27 | 40 |
171 | Haiti | 27 | 32 |
172 | Chad | 26.7 | 41 |
173 | Solomon Islands | 26.7 | 24 |
174 | Madagascar | 26.5 | 42 |
175 | Guinea | 26.4 | 43 |
176 | Côte d'Ivoire | 25.8 | 44 |
177 | Sierra Leone | 25.7 | 45 |
178 | Afghanistan | 25.5 | 8 |
179 | Myanmar | 25.1 | 25 |
180 | Liberia | 22.6 | 46 |
Regional grouping in the report include: Global West, Asia-Pacific, Eastern Europe, Former Soviet States, Greater Middle East, Latin America & Caribbean, Southern Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa
Scandinavian countries, which tend to have a high GDP per capita, show strong and consistent results across EPI parameters. Denmark for instance—which ranks first overall—leads the world in slowing its growth in CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, neighbor Sweden leads in landfill and recycling treatment, while wastewater treatment is led by a handful of countries within and beyond Scandinavia including Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Singapore, and Sweden.
In North America, Canada claims top spot in the biodiversity and habitat category, while the U.S. ranks sixth in agricultural diversity globally. In Asia, Singapore leads the world in fishery health and sustainability.
Ultimately, it appears the world’s greenest countries tend to focus on all areas of sustainability, while laggard countries show more uneven performance across categories.
What Does “Green” Mean?
Each high-level performance indicator with the EPI, like “environmental health”, is broken into subsections. Nations are scored on each subsector on a scale up to 100. As a result, multiple countries can rank first in any given category.
By evaluating national sustainability on a scale that is unrelated to other nations, we get a clearer idea of comparative national progress, beyond a basic ranking.
For instance, 30 countries tie for first in marine protection, all with scores of 100. This shows that many economies are prioritizing this area of sustainability.
The EPI categories and subsectors are shown in the diagram below:
Each section is weighted differently, and is reflected as a percentage within the index. For example, Ecosystem Vitality accounts for 60% of the EPI, Climate Change makes up 24% of a country’s score, and CO2 emission reduction is weighted at 13.2%.
The Cost of Being Green
Infrastructure costs are one reason why wealthier nations tend to fare better across sustainability measures. Everything from air pollution reduction and water treatment, to hazardous waste control and mitigation of public health crises are especially expensive—but have a huge potential impact on citizens.
This trend can be seen the scatterplot, which demonstrates the distribution of economies evaluated by the EPI:
For a more detailed look, the table below highlights the GDP per capita of each of the top 40 greenest countries, based on data from the World Bank and Statista:
COUNTRY | EPI SCORE | GDP Per Capita | RANK |
---|---|---|---|
Denmark | 82.5 | 60,170 | 1 |
Luxembourg | 82.3 | 114,705 | 2 |
Switzerland | 81.5 | 81,994 | 3 |
United Kingdom | 81.3 | 42,330 | 4 |
France | 80 | 40,494 | 5 |
Austria | 79.6 | 50,138 | 6 |
Finland | 78.9 | 48,783 | 7 |
Sweden | 78.7 | 51,615 | 8 |
Norway | 77.7 | 75,420 | 9 |
Germany | 77.2 | 46,445 | 10 |
Netherlands | 75.3 | 52,331 | 11 |
Japan | 75.1 | 40,247 | 12 |
Australia | 74.9 | 55,060 | 13 |
Spain | 74.3 | 29,600 | 14 |
Belgium | 73.3 | 46,421 | 15 |
Ireland | 72.8 | 78,661 | 16 |
Iceland | 72.3 | 66,945 | 17 |
Slovenia | 72 | 25,946 | 18 |
New Zealand | 71.3 | 42,084 | 19 |
Canada | 71 | 46,195 | 20 |
Czech Republic | 71 | 23,495 | 21 |
Italy | 71 | 33,228 | 22 |
Malta | 70.7 | 29,821 | 23 |
United States of America | 69.3 | 65,298 | 24 |
Greece | 69.1 | 19,583 | 25 |
Slovakia | 68.3 | 19,266 | 26 |
Portugal | 67 | 23,252 | 27 |
South Korea | 66.5 | 31,846 | 28 |
Israel | 65.8 | 43,592 | 29 |
Estonia | 65.3 | 23,723 | 30 |
Cyprus | 64.8 | 27,858 | 31 |
Romania | 64.7 | 12,920 | 32 |
Hungary | 63.7 | 16,732 | 33 |
Croatia | 63.1 | 14,936 | 34 |
Lithuania | 62.9 | 19,602 | 35 |
Latvia | 61.6 | 17,829 | 36 |
Poland | 60.9 | 15,693 | 37 |
Seychelles | 58.2 | 17,448 | 38 |
Singapore | 58.1 | 65,233 | 39 |
Taiwan | 57.2 | 25,873 | 40 |
Despite the strong correlation between GDP per capita and EPI score, developing countries do not have to abandon sustainability efforts. China for instance leads the world in the adoption of electric vehicle technology.
Post-Pandemic Outlook
Although some rankings can seem prosaic, indexes like the EPI provide a helpful benchmark for economies to compare efforts. It also allows governments to iterate and build upon environmental strategies and investments by highlighting what is and isn’t working.
CO2 emissions, for instance, are a major driver of climate change. Although the global economic stall has led to a temporary dip of CO2 emissions in early 2020 (a slower growth rate than the 11% expected rise), global emissions still continue.
However, the EPI shows that investments have impact. High-level sustainability efforts—political commitment, media coverage, regulations—can deliver results, even at the grassroots level.
Economy
How Global Health and Wealth Has Changed Over Two Centuries
This unique animated visualization uses health and wealth measurements to chart the evolution of countries over time.
Published
1 week agoon
February 24, 2021
How Global Health and Wealth Has Changed Over 221 Years
At the dawn of the 19th century, global life expectancy was only 28.5 years.
Outbreaks, war, and famine would still kill millions of people at regular intervals. These issues are still stubbornly present in 21st century society, but broadly speaking, the situation around the world has vastly improved. Today, most of humanity lives in countries where the life expectancy is above the typical retirement age of 65.
At the same time, while inequality remains a hot button topic within countries, income disparity between countries is slowing beginning to narrow.
This animated visualization, created by James Eagle, tracks the evolution of health and wealth factors in countries around the world. For further exploration, Gapminder also has a fantastic interactive chart that showcases the same dataset.
The Journey to the Upper-Right Quadrant
In general terms, history has seen health practices improve and countries become increasingly wealthy–trends that are reflected in this visualization. In fact, most countries drift towards the upper-right quadrant over the 221 years covered in the dataset.
However, that path to the top-right, which indicates high levels of both life expectancy and GDP per capita, is rarely a linear journey. Here are some of the noteworthy events and milestones to watch out for while viewing the animation.
1880s: Breaking the 50-Year Barrier
In the late 19th century, Nordic countries such as Sweden and Norway already found themselves past the 50-year life expectancy mark. This was a significant milestone considering the global life expectancy was a full 20 years shorter at the time. It wasn’t until the year 1960 that the global life expectancy would catch up.
1918: The Spanish Flu and WWI
At times, a confluence of factors can impact health and wealth in countries and regions. In this case, World War I coincided with one of the deadliest pandemics in history, leading to global implications. In the animation, this is abundantly clear as the entire cluster of circles takes a nose dive for a short period of time.
1933, 1960: Communist Famines
At various points in history, human decisions can have catastrophic consequences. This was the case in the Soviet Union (1933) and the People’s Republic of China (1960), where life expectancy plummeted during famines that killed millions of people. These extreme events are easy to spot in the animation due to the large populations of the countries in question.
1960s: Oil Economies Kick into High Gear
During this time, Iran, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia all experience massive booms in wealth, and in the following decade, smaller countries such as the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait rocket to the right edge of the visualization.
In following decades, both Iran and Iraq can be seen experiencing wild fluctuations in both health and wealth as regime changes and conflict begin to destabilize the region.
1990s: AIDS in Africa
In the animation, a number of countries plummet in unison at the end of the 20th century. These are sub-Saharan African countries that were hit hard by the AIDS pandemic. At its peak in the early ’00s, the disease accounted for more than half of deaths in some countries.
1995: Breaking the 65-Year Barrier
Global life expectancy reaches retirement age. At this point in time, there is a clear divide in both health and wealth between African and South Asian countries and the rest of the world. Thankfully, that gap is would continue to narrow in coming years.
1990-2000s: China’s Economic Rise
With a population well over a billion people, it’s impossible to ignore China in any global overview. Starting from the early ’90s, China begins its march from the left to right side of the chart, highlighting the unprecedented economic growth it experienced during that time.
What the Future Holds
If current trends continue, global life expectancy is expected to surpass the 80-year mark by 2100. And, sub-Saharan Africa, which has the lowest life expectancy today, is expected to mostly close the gap, reaching 75 years of age.
Wealth is also expected to increase nearly across the board, with the biggest gains coming from places like Vietnam, Nigeria, and the Philippines. Some experts are projecting the world economy as a whole to double in size by 2050.
There are always bumps along the way, but it appears that the journey to the upper-right quadrant is still very much underway.
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