Globalization
Ranked: The World’s Most and Least Powerful Passports in 2023
Ranked: The World’s Most and Least Powerful Passports
Depending on your passport, travel can be as simple as just booking flights, finding a hotel, and, then simply going.
But for many across the world, it’s not that easy—a number of passport holders need to obtain a travel/tourist visa prior to arrival. These visas typically require approval from the destination country’s government that can take weeks or months.
Japanese passport holders, for example, are able to visit 193 countries without pre-approval (nearly every country on Earth). Afghans, on the other hand, can only visit 27 countries with the same level of ease.
This ranking uses data from Henley & Partners, which determines the number of countries to which a passport holder has visa-free access.
The World’s Passports
First let’s look at every country’s position in the ranking in the table below:
Rank | Passport | Number of Countries Allowing Visa-Free Access |
---|---|---|
#1 | 🇯🇵 Japan | 193 |
#1 | 🇸🇬 Singapore | 193 |
#3 | 🇰🇷 South Korea | 192 |
#4 | 🇩🇪 Germany | 191 |
#4 | 🇪🇸 Spain | 191 |
#6 | 🇫🇮 Finland | 190 |
#6 | 🇮🇹 Italy | 190 |
#6 | 🇱🇺 Luxembourg | 190 |
#9 | 🇦🇹 Austria | 189 |
#9 | 🇩🇰 Denmark | 189 |
#9 | 🇳🇱 Netherlands | 189 |
#9 | 🇸🇪 Sweden | 189 |
#13 | 🇫🇷 France | 188 |
#13 | 🇮🇪 Ireland | 188 |
#13 | 🇵🇹 Portugal | 188 |
#13 | 🇬🇧 United Kingdom | 188 |
#17 | 🇧🇪 Belgium | 187 |
#17 | 🇨🇿 Czechia | 187 |
#17 | 🇳🇿 New Zealand | 187 |
#17 | 🇳🇴 Norway | 187 |
#17 | 🇨🇭 Switzerland | 187 |
#17 | 🇺🇸 United States | 187 |
#23 | 🇦🇺 Australia | 186 |
#23 | 🇨🇦 Canada | 186 |
#23 | 🇬🇷 Greece | 186 |
#23 | 🇲🇹 Malta | 186 |
#27 | 🇭🇺 Hungary | 185 |
#27 | 🇵🇱 Poland | 185 |
#29 | 🇱🇹 Lithuania | 184 |
#29 | 🇸🇰 Slovakia | 184 |
#31 | 🇱🇻 Latvia | 183 |
#31 | 🇸🇮 Slovenia | 183 |
#33 | 🇪🇪 Estonia | 182 |
#34 | 🇮🇸 Iceland | 181 |
#35 | 🇲🇾 Malaysia | 180 |
#36 | 🇱🇮 Liechtenstein | 179 |
#37 | 🇨🇾 Cyprus | 178 |
#37 | 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates | 178 |
#39 | 🇷🇴 Romania | 176 |
#40 | 🇧🇬 Bulgaria | 175 |
#40 | 🇨🇱 Chile | 175 |
#40 | 🇭🇷 Croatia | 175 |
#40 | 🇲🇨 Monaco | 175 |
#44 | 🇭🇰 Hong Kong (SAR China) | 172 |
#45 | 🇦🇷 Argentina | 171 |
#46 | 🇧🇷 Brazil | 170 |
#46 | 🇸🇲 San Marino | 170 |
#48 | 🇦🇩 Andorra | 169 |
#49 | 🇧🇳 Brunei | 167 |
#50 | 🇧🇧 Barbados | 162 |
#51 | 🇮🇱 Israel | 160 |
#51 | 🇲🇽 Mexico | 160 |
#53 | 🇰🇳 St. Kitts and Nevis | 156 |
#54 | 🇧🇸 Bahamas | 155 |
#55 | 🇻🇦 Vatican City | 154 |
#56 | 🇸🇨 Seychelles | 153 |
#56 | 🇺🇾 Uruguay | 153 |
#58 | 🇻🇨 St. Vincent and the Grenadines | 151 |
#59 | 🇦🇬 Antigua and Barbuda | 150 |
#59 | 🇨🇷 Costa Rica | 150 |
#59 | 🇹🇹 Trinidad and Tobago | 150 |
#62 | 🇲🇺 Mauritius | 146 |
#63 | 🇱🇨 St. Lucia | 146 |
#63 | 🇹🇼 Taiwan | 146 |
#65 | 🇬🇩 Grenada | 145 |
#66 | 🇩🇲 Dominica | 144 |
#66 | 🇲🇴 Macao (SAR China) | 144 |
#66 | 🇺🇦 Ukraine | 144 |
#69 | 🇵🇦 Panama | 143 |
#70 | 🇵🇾 Paraguay | 141 |
#71 | 🇷🇸 Serbia | 137 |
#72 | 🇵🇪 Peru | 136 |
#73 | 🇨🇴 Colombia | 133 |
#73 | 🇬🇹 Guatemala | 133 |
#73 | 🇭🇳 Honduras | 133 |
#76 | 🇸🇻 El Salvador | 132 |
#77 | 🇼🇸 Samoa | 131 |
#77 | 🇸🇧 Solomon Islands | 131 |
#79 | 🇹🇴 Tonga | 129 |
#80 | 🇻🇪 Venezuela | 128 |
#81 | 🇳🇮 Nicaragua | 127 |
#81 | 🇹🇻 Tuvalu | 127 |
#83 | 🇲🇰 North Macedonia | 125 |
#84 | 🇲🇪 Montenegro | 124 |
#85 | 🇰🇮 Kiribati | 123 |
#86 | 🇲🇭 Marshall Islands | 122 |
#87 | 🇲🇩 Moldova | 120 |
#88 | 🇵🇼 Palau Islands | 119 |
#89 | 🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina | 118 |
#89 | 🇫🇲 Micronesia | 118 |
#89 | 🇷🇺 Russia | 118 |
#92 | 🇦🇱 Albania | 115 |
#92 | 🇬🇪 Georgia | 115 |
#94 | 🇹🇷 Türkiye | 111 |
#95 | 🇿🇦 South Africa | 106 |
#96 | 🇧🇿 Belize | 102 |
#97 | 🇶🇦 Qatar | 100 |
#98 | 🇰🇼 Kuwait | 97 |
#98 | 🇻🇺 Vanuatu | 97 |
#100 | 🇹🇱 Timor-Leste | 94 |
#101 | 🇪🇨 Ecuador | 92 |
#102 | 🇲🇻 Maldives | 89 |
#102 | 🇳🇷 Nauru | 89 |
#104 | 🇧🇭 Bahrain | 87 |
#104 | 🇫🇯 Fiji | 87 |
#104 | 🇬🇾 Guyana | 87 |
#107 | 🇧🇼 Botswana | 86 |
#107 | 🇯🇲 Jamaica | 86 |
#109 | 🇴🇲 Oman | 82 |
#109 | 🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea | 82 |
#109 | 🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia | 82 |
#112 | 🇨🇳 China | 81 |
#113 | 🇧🇾 Belarus | 79 |
#113 | 🇧🇴 Bolivia | 79 |
#113 | 🇹🇭 Thailand | 79 |
#116 | 🇳🇦 Namibia | 78 |
#117 | 🇱🇸 Lesotho | 77 |
#117 | 🇸🇷 Suriname | 77 |
#119 | 🇰🇿 Kazakhstan | 75 |
#120 | 🇸🇿 Eswatini | 74 |
#121 | 🇲🇼 Malawi | 73 |
#122 | 🇮🇩 Indonesia | 72 |
#122 | 🇰🇪 Kenya | 72 |
#124 | 🇹🇿 Tanzania | 71 |
#124 | 🇹🇳 Tunisia | 71 |
#126 | 🇩🇴 Dominican Republic | 70 |
#126 | 🇿🇲 Zambia | 70 |
#128 | 🇦🇿 Azerbaijan | 69 |
#129 | 🇬🇲 The Gambia | 68 |
#130 | 🇵🇭 Philippines | 67 |
#131 | 🇺🇬 Uganda | 66 |
#132 | 🇦🇲 Armenia | 65 |
#132 | 🇨🇻 Cape Verde Islands | 65 |
#132 | 🇲🇦 Morocco | 65 |
#132 | 🇿🇼 Zimbabwe | 65 |
#136 | 🇨🇺 Cuba | 64 |
#136 | 🇬🇭 Ghana | 64 |
#136 | 🇸🇱 Sierra Leone | 64 |
#139 | 🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan | 63 |
#140 | 🇲🇳 Mongolia | 61 |
#140 | 🇲🇿 Mozambique | 61 |
#142 | 🇧🇯 Benin | 60 |
#142 | 🇮🇳 India | 60 |
#142 | 🇷🇼 Rwanda | 60 |
#145 | 🇸🇹 Sao Tome and Principe | 59 |
#145 | 🇹🇯 Tajikistan | 59 |
#145 | 🇺🇿 Uzbekistan | 59 |
#148 | 🇲🇷 Mauritania | 58 |
#149 | 🇧🇫 Burkina Faso | 57 |
#150 | 🇨🇮 Cote d'Ivoire | 56 |
#150 | 🇬🇦 Gabon | 56 |
#150 | 🇸🇳 Senegal | 56 |
#153 | 🇬🇶 Equatorial Guinea | 55 |
#153 | 🇬🇳 Guinea | 55 |
#153 | 🇻🇳 Vietnam | 55 |
#156 | 🇰🇭 Cambodia | 54 |
#156 | 🇲🇬 Madagascar | 54 |
#156 | 🇹🇬 Togo | 54 |
#159 | 🇪🇬 Egypt | 53 |
#159 | 🇯🇴 Jordan | 53 |
#159 | 🇲🇱 Mali | 53 |
#159 | 🇳🇪 Niger | 53 |
#163 | 🇩🇿 Algeria | 52 |
#163 | 🇧🇹 Bhutan | 52 |
#163 | 🇨🇫 Central African Republic | 52 |
#163 | 🇹🇩 Chad | 52 |
#163 | 🇰🇲 Comoros | 52 |
#163 | 🇬🇼 Guinea-Bissau | 52 |
#163 | 🇹🇲 Turkmenistan | 52 |
#170 | 🇨🇲 Cameroon | 51 |
#171 | 🇦🇴 Angola | 50 |
#171 | 🇱🇦 Laos | 50 |
#173 | 🇧🇮 Burundi | 49 |
#173 | 🇨🇬 Congo (Rep.) | 49 |
#173 | 🇱🇷 Liberia | 49 |
#176 | 🇩🇯 Djibouti | 48 |
#176 | 🇭🇹 Haiti | 48 |
#178 | 🇲🇲 Myanmar | 47 |
#179 | 🇪🇹 Ethiopia | 46 |
#179 | 🇳🇬 Nigeria | 46 |
#181 | 🇪🇷 Eritrea | 44 |
#181 | 🇮🇷 Iran | 44 |
#181 | 🇸🇸 South Sudan | 44 |
#184 | 🇨🇩 Democratic Republic of the Congo | 42 |
#184 | 🇸🇩 Sudan | 42 |
#186 | 🇽🇰 Kosovo | 41 |
#186 | 🇱🇧 Lebanon | 41 |
#186 | 🇱🇰 Sri Lanka | 41 |
#189 | 🇧🇩 Bangladesh | 40 |
#189 | 🇱🇾 Libya | 40 |
#189 | 🇰🇵 North Korea | 40 |
#192 | 🇵🇸 Palestine | 38 |
#193 | 🇳🇵 Nepal | 37 |
#194 | 🇸🇴 Somalia | 35 |
#195 | 🇾🇪 Yemen | 34 |
#196 | 🇵🇰 Pakistan | 32 |
#197 | 🇸🇾 Syria | 30 |
#198 | 🇮🇶 Iraq | 29 |
#199 | Afghanistan | 27 |
Visas are imposed by some countries to make it easier to track visitors, allowing a country to assess whether said passport-holder may be a risk for illegal immigration, crime, acts of terror, or covert surveillance.
For example, both Russia and China require American passport holders to obtain visas prior to travel, and vice versa.
The Most Powerful Passports
When it comes to the most powerful passports, most of the top 20 are issued by countries in Asia or Europe, with the exception of New Zealand and the United States.
Due to multiple ties in the rankings the U.S. technically ranks 17th, having visa-free access to 187 countries, on par with Norway, New Zealand, and Switzerland.
Ranking 66th, Ukraine’s passport has actually seen drastic improvement over the last decade, currently getting visa-free access to 144 countries. It has yet to be seen how this will change in the wake of the Russia/Ukraine conflict.
The Least Powerful Passports
Many of least powerful passports come out of war-torn and politically unstable nations. As visas for travel are typically required to counter illicit activity, these nations are often flagged whether justly or not.
One immediate standout among the least powerful passports is North Korea. The insular nation has visa-free access to 40 countries, ranking it above eight other passports on the list.
Most North Koreans who travel abroad do so only in extremely special circumstances for work, study, or athletic competitions. Leisure travel out of North Korea does not happen, but technically, North Koreans can visit countries like Haiti, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Palestine, and Kyrgyzstan, among others without a visa.
The Biggest Gainers & Losers Over Time
From a big picture standpoint, the world’s travelers have seen their access improve significantly over the last 10 years. If you’re a citizen of the UAE, for example, your prospects for visa-free travel have improved by 100+ countries over the last decade.
Here’s a closer look at 15 countries with the greatest change in visa-free access:
Rank | Country | 2013 Visa-Free Access | 2023 Visa-Free Access | 10 Year Change |
---|---|---|---|---|
#1 | 🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates | 72 | 178 | +106 |
#2 | 🇨🇴 Colombia | 63 | 133 | +70 |
#3 | 🇺🇦 Ukraine | 77 | 144 | +67 |
#4 | 🇲🇩 Moldova | 59 | 120 | +61 |
#5 | 🇻🇨 St. Vincent and the Grenadines | 92 | 151 | +59 |
#6 | 🇩🇲 Dominica | 87 | 144 | +57 |
#6 | 🇬🇩 Grenada | 88 | 145 | +57 |
#8 | 🇵🇪 Peru | 80 | 136 | +56 |
#9 | 🇬🇪 Georgia | 60 | 115 | +55 |
#10 | 🇱🇨 St. Lucia | 94 | 146 | +52 |
#11 | 🇼🇸 Samoa | 81 | 131 | +50 |
#11 | 🇹🇹 Trinidad and Tobago | 100 | 150 | +50 |
#13 | 🇹🇴 Tonga | 80 | 129 | +49 |
#14 | 🇸🇧 Solomon Islands | 84 | 131 | +47 |
#15 | 🇭🇷 Croatia | 129 | 175 | +46 |
On the other hand, other countries have fared poorly, with some actually losing access to destinations since 2013. Yemen and Syria are tied for first place, having lost visa-free access to nine countries over the last 10 years.
Here’s a look at 15 countries who experienced the biggest negative change:
Rank | Country | 2013 Visa-Free Access | 2023 Visa-Free Access | 10 Year Change |
---|---|---|---|---|
#1 | 🇾🇪 Yemen | 43 | 34 | -9 |
#1 | 🇸🇾 Syria | 39 | 30 | -9 |
#3 | 🇳🇬 Nigeria | 48 | 46 | -2 |
#3 | 🇮🇶 Iraq | 31 | 29 | -2 |
#5 | 🇰🇵 North Korea | 41 | 40 | -1 |
#5 | 🇧🇩 Bangladesh | 41 | 40 | -1 |
#5 | 🇦🇫 Afghanistan | 28 | 27 | -1 |
#8 | 🇻🇪 Venezuela | 128 | 128 | 0 |
#8 | 🇬🇲 The Gambia | 68 | 68 | 0 |
#8 | 🇵🇰 Pakistan | 32 | 32 | 0 |
#8 | 🇳🇪 Niger | 53 | 53 | 0 |
#8 | 🇳🇵 Nepal | 37 | 37 | 0 |
#8 | 🇲🇱 Mali | 53 | 53 | 0 |
#14 | 🇹🇬 Togo | 53 | 54 | +1 |
#14 | 🇸🇱 Sierra Leone | 63 | 64 | +1 |
Looking at the tables above, it’s apparent that the world has generally become more open in recent years.
Overall, the power of a passport is almost directly reflective of the political state of the world. World powers and rich nations typically have free flow of travel, but those facing instability or war are often also face barriers when wanting to go abroad.
Urbanization
Mapped: All of the World’s Roads, by Continent
What does a road map of the world look like? Here’s a deep view of roads visualized by type across countries and continents.

Mapped: All of the World’s Roads, by Continent
Once upon a time, it was said that all roads led to Rome. Now with at least 21 million kilometers of roads spanning the globe, every continent and country has its own web of crisscrossing connections, from major highways to rural drives.
And there’s no better way to see the scale and spread of roads than by visualizing them. Adam Symington from PythonMaps used data from the Global Roads Inventory Project (GRIP) to map all the roads in the world, creating an accurate representation of humanity’s need to connect.
Creating the Global Road Map
The GRIP database pulled information from a variety of sources including governments, research institutes, NGOs, and crowd-sourcing initiatives to create a harmonized dataset of geospatial road information for a 2018 paper, “Global patterns of current and future road infrastructure.”
Researchers categorized roads into types using a UN classification system, which have been visualized in three colors on this map:
Category | Definition | Color |
---|---|---|
Main Roads | Highways + primary roads between and within cities and towns. Multi-lane, limited entry and exit points. | White |
Secondary Roads | Paved, high-traffic, access between neighborhoods | Yellow |
Tertiary Roads | Paved or unpaved residential access within neighborhoods, or rural points of interest. | Red |
Local Roads | All other smaller roads that don't fit above, and usually are not throughfare. | Red |
This classification allowed for examining relationships between road infrastructure, development, wealth, and population distribution.
Which Country has the Largest Road Map?
With nearly 3 million kilometers of motorways, the U.S. has the largest road network in the world, nearly double that of China (1.7 million km) and three times that of India (1 million km).
Rank (#) | Country | All Roads (km) | % of World's Roads |
---|---|---|---|
1 | U.S. | 3,097,278 | 14.34% |
2 | China | 1,709,997 | 7.92% |
3 | India | 1,052,718 | 4.87% |
4 | Mexico | 741,949 | 3.43% |
5 | Argentina | 703,087 | 3.25% |
6 | Brazil | 681,267 | 3.15% |
7 | Russia | 621,813 | 2.88% |
8 | Australia | 620,393 | 2.87% |
9 | Germany | 563,155 | 2.61% |
10 | France | 523,566 | 2.42% |
11 | Japan | 452,440 | 2.09% |
12 | Turkey | 448,249 | 2.08% |
13 | Indonesia | 429,970 | 1.99% |
14 | Colombia | 387,471 | 1.79% |
15 | South Africa | 331,909 | 1.54% |
16 | Kazakhstan | 303,170 | 1.40% |
17 | Spain | 273,597 | 1.27% |
18 | UK | 268,709 | 1.24% |
19 | Thailand | 264,639 | 1.23% |
20 | Italy | 263,304 | 1.22% |
21 | Canada | 243,155 | 1.13% |
22 | Ukraine | 229,380 | 1.06% |
23 | Poland | 224,904 | 1.04% |
24 | Turkmenistan | 204,100 | 0.94% |
25 | Peru | 203,726 | 0.94% |
26 | Vietnam | 187,599 | 0.87% |
27 | Bangladesh | 183,317 | 0.85% |
28 | Somalia | 163,093 | 0.76% |
29 | Dem. Rep. Congo | 162,174 | 0.75% |
30 | Iran | 145,177 | 0.67% |
31 | Iraq | 140,365 | 0.65% |
32 | Angola | 135,627 | 0.63% |
33 | Sweden | 121,673 | 0.56% |
34 | South Korea | 119,456 | 0.55% |
35 | Venezuela | 118,378 | 0.55% |
36 | Libya | 117,504 | 0.54% |
37 | Bolivia | 108,594 | 0.50% |
38 | Pakistan | 106,183 | 0.49% |
39 | Sudan | 101,345 | 0.47% |
40 | Guinea | 101,324 | 0.47% |
41 | New Zealand | 100,404 | 0.46% |
42 | Philippines | 96,466 | 0.45% |
43 | Sri Lanka | 96,023 | 0.44% |
44 | Kenya | 94,339 | 0.44% |
45 | Chile | 93,030 | 0.43% |
46 | Nigeria | 92,469 | 0.43% |
47 | Austria | 90,284 | 0.42% |
48 | Finland | 89,386 | 0.41% |
49 | Czech Republic | 89,266 | 0.41% |
50 | Saudi Arabia | 86,188 | 0.40% |
51 | Greece | 86,128 | 0.40% |
52 | Afghanistan | 83,186 | 0.39% |
53 | Belarus | 80,824 | 0.37% |
54 | Ecuador | 80,290 | 0.37% |
55 | Myanmar | 79,401 | 0.37% |
56 | Ethiopia | 79,306 | 0.37% |
57 | Netherlands | 77,793 | 0.36% |
58 | Senegal | 74,928 | 0.35% |
59 | Taiwan | 72,870 | 0.34% |
60 | Cameroon | 71,882 | 0.33% |
61 | Madagascar | 71,341 | 0.33% |
62 | Zimbabwe | 70,503 | 0.33% |
63 | Uruguay | 69,587 | 0.32% |
64 | Norway | 66,204 | 0.31% |
65 | Portugal | 65,181 | 0.30% |
66 | Belgium | 65,098 | 0.30% |
67 | Uzbekistan | 64,445 | 0.30% |
68 | Romania | 63,333 | 0.29% |
69 | Botswana | 63,130 | 0.29% |
70 | Mali | 59,142 | 0.27% |
71 | Mozambique | 58,693 | 0.27% |
72 | Cuba | 56,883 | 0.26% |
73 | Hungary | 56,209 | 0.26% |
74 | Algeria | 55,662 | 0.26% |
75 | Cambodia | 54,500 | 0.25% |
76 | Egypt | 52,580 | 0.24% |
77 | Chad | 52,257 | 0.24% |
78 | Denmark | 50,256 | 0.23% |
79 | Mauritania | 50,056 | 0.23% |
80 | Mongolia | 49,873 | 0.23% |
81 | Switzerland | 46,046 | 0.21% |
82 | Ivory Coast | 45,807 | 0.21% |
83 | Niger | 44,638 | 0.21% |
84 | Bulgaria | 44,225 | 0.20% |
85 | Paraguay | 43,298 | 0.20% |
86 | Yemen | 42,476 | 0.20% |
87 | Tanzania | 42,000 | 0.19% |
88 | North Korea | 41,932 | 0.19% |
89 | Zambia | 40,581 | 0.19% |
90 | Guatemala | 40,413 | 0.19% |
91 | Namibia | 40,131 | 0.19% |
92 | Ireland | 39,620 | 0.18% |
93 | Morocco | 39,479 | 0.18% |
94 | Papua New Guinea | 37,960 | 0.18% |
95 | Malaysia | 37,237 | 0.17% |
96 | Nepal | 36,791 | 0.17% |
97 | Croatia | 34,870 | 0.16% |
98 | Syria | 34,433 | 0.16% |
99 | Sierra Leone | 33,559 | 0.16% |
100 | Slovakia | 33,136 | 0.15% |
101 | Albania | 33,022 | 0.15% |
102 | South Sudan | 32,277 | 0.15% |
103 | Burkina Faso | 31,046 | 0.14% |
104 | Laos | 28,924 | 0.13% |
105 | El Salvador | 28,506 | 0.13% |
106 | Ghana | 28,024 | 0.13% |
107 | Kyrgyzstan | 27,850 | 0.13% |
108 | Latvia | 26,808 | 0.12% |
109 | Rwanda | 26,714 | 0.12% |
110 | Lithuania | 26,144 | 0.12% |
111 | Nicaragua | 25,373 | 0.12% |
112 | Central African Republic | 25,249 | 0.12% |
113 | Israel | 24,801 | 0.11% |
114 | Congo | 24,616 | 0.11% |
115 | Liberia | 24,507 | 0.11% |
116 | Oman | 23,546 | 0.11% |
117 | Jamaica | 23,193 | 0.11% |
118 | Serbia | 21,858 | 0.10% |
119 | Benin | 21,289 | 0.10% |
120 | Tunisia | 20,765 | 0.10% |
121 | Uganda | 19,523 | 0.09% |
122 | Mauritius | 19,434 | 0.09% |
123 | Jordan | 19,284 | 0.09% |
124 | U.A.E | 19,198 | 0.09% |
125 | Costa Rica | 18,924 | 0.09% |
126 | Estonia | 18,551 | 0.09% |
127 | Haiti | 18,169 | 0.08% |
128 | Burundi | 17,450 | 0.08% |
129 | Tajikistan | 16,086 | 0.07% |
130 | East Timor | 16,048 | 0.07% |
131 | Iceland | 15,374 | 0.07% |
132 | Azerbaijan | 15,361 | 0.07% |
133 | Honduras | 15,200 | 0.07% |
134 | Guinea-Bissau | 13,636 | 0.06% |
135 | Malawi | 13,238 | 0.06% |
136 | Puerto Rico | 12,934 | 0.06% |
137 | Palestine | 12,817 | 0.06% |
138 | Slovenia | 12,474 | 0.06% |
139 | Gabon | 12,286 | 0.06% |
140 | Cyprus | 11,721 | 0.05% |
141 | Lebanon | 11,399 | 0.05% |
142 | Dominican Republic | 10,890 | 0.05% |
143 | Panama | 10,417 | 0.05% |
144 | Armenia | 9,888 | 0.05% |
145 | Belize | 9,817 | 0.05% |
146 | Qatar | 9,047 | 0.04% |
147 | Moldova | 8,860 | 0.04% |
148 | Georgia | 8,043 | 0.04% |
149 | Bosnia | 7,769 | 0.04% |
150 | Togo | 7,423 | 0.03% |
151 | Eritrea | 7,101 | 0.03% |
152 | Western Sahara | 6,794 | 0.03% |
153 | Djibouti | 6,786 | 0.03% |
154 | Gambia | 5,112 | 0.02% |
155 | Luxembourg | 5,106 | 0.02% |
156 | Guyana | 4,323 | 0.02% |
157 | Guadeloupe | 4,303 | 0.02% |
158 | Northern Macedonia | 4,150 | 0.02% |
159 | Singapore | 3,547 | 0.02% |
160 | French Guiana | 3,316 | 0.02% |
161 | Lesotho | 3,157 | 0.01% |
162 | Martinique | 2,857 | 0.01% |
163 | Montenegro | 2,810 | 0.01% |
164 | Eswatini | 2,664 | 0.01% |
165 | Equatorial Guinea | 2,609 | 0.01% |
166 | Netherlands Antilles | 2,549 | 0.01% |
167 | Cabo Verde | 2,392 | 0.01% |
168 | Bhutan | 2,376 | 0.01% |
169 | New Caledonia | 2,213 | 0.01% |
170 | Suriname | 1,921 | 0.01% |
171 | Barbados | 1,806 | 0.01% |
172 | Kuwait | 1,651 | 0.01% |
173 | Malta | 1,637 | 0.01% |
174 | U.S. Virgin Islands | 1,429 | 0.01% |
175 | Solomon Islands | 1,309 | 0.01% |
176 | The Bahamas | 1,285 | 0.01% |
177 | Fiji | 1,134 | 0.01% |
178 | Antigua and Barbuda | 1,125 | 0.01% |
179 | Kosovo | 1,111 | 0.01% |
180 | Aruba | 890 | 0.00% |
181 | Dominica | 862 | 0.00% |
182 | Faroe Islands | 826 | 0.00% |
183 | St. Lucia | 793 | 0.00% |
184 | Cayman Islands | 746 | 0.00% |
185 | Brunei | 660 | 0.00% |
186 | Trinidad and Tobago | 636 | 0.00% |
187 | Isle of Man | 610 | 0.00% |
188 | Sao Tome and Principe | 538 | 0.00% |
189 | Grenada | 516 | 0.00% |
190 | Bahrain | 502 | 0.00% |
191 | Falkland Island | 485 | 0.00% |
192 | Reunion | 465 | 0.00% |
193 | St. Kitts and Nevis | 446 | 0.00% |
194 | Vanuatu | 445 | 0.00% |
195 | St. Vincent & the Grenadines | 389 | 0.00% |
196 | Comoros | 384 | 0.00% |
197 | Samoa | 342 | 0.00% |
198 | British Virgin Islands | 297 | 0.00% |
199 | Anguila | 209 | 0.00% |
200 | Guam | 201 | 0.00% |
201 | French Polynesia | 175 | 0.00% |
202 | Northern Mariana Islands | 145 | 0.00% |
203 | Tonga | 135 | 0.00% |
204 | Montserrat | 125 | 0.00% |
205 | San Marino | 118 | 0.00% |
206 | Mayotte | 109 | 0.00% |
207 | Niue | 91 | 0.00% |
208 | Turks & Caicos Island | 75 | 0.00% |
209 | Seychelles | 70 | 0.00% |
210 | Saint Helena | 57 | 0.00% |
211 | Cook Islands | 47 | 0.00% |
212 | Monaco | 42 | 0.00% |
213 | Andorra | 36 | 0.00% |
214 | Gibraltar | 29 | 0.00% |
215 | Wallis & Futura Islands | 25 | 0.00% |
216 | Liechtenstein | 24 | 0.00% |
217 | Palau | 18 | 0.00% |
218 | American Samoa | 17 | 0.00% |
219 | French Southern & Antarctic Lands | 15 | 0.00% |
220 | Bermuda | 14 | 0.00% |
221 | Christmas Island | 12 | 0.00% |
222 | Norfolk Island | 10 | 0.00% |
Total | 21,600,760 | 100% |
The small Pacific island country of Palau has the smallest road network in the database measuring 18 kilometers. However, many overseas territories of countries have even smaller networks, with Norfolk Island being the smallest in the dataset at 10 km.
That said, when breaking the road networks down by type, the rankings change significantly.
China muscles out the U.S. with nearly double the amount of main roads (highways + primary roads). Meanwhile, Japan and Canada climb into the top 10 by largest main road networks, while India drops down to #8.
Country | Main | Secondary | Tertiary | Local |
---|---|---|---|---|
China | 683,248 | 306,176 | 373,831 | 346,742 |
U.S. | 366,800 | 898,873 | 42,071 | 1,789,534 |
Mexico | 105,822 | 181,088 | 185,587 | 269,452 |
Japan | 94,451 | 67,454 | 100,536 | 189,999 |
Canada | 91,173 | 73,525 | 46,121 | 32,336 |
Brazil | 86,772 | 223,662 | 283,933 | 86,900 |
France | 74,956 | 114,433 | 192,191 | 141,986 |
India | 69,748 | 413,790 | 526,130 | 43,050 |
Argentina | 69,188 | 55,519 | 534,876 | 43,504 |
Australia | 69,138 | 73,376 | 426,346 | 51,533 |
Spain | 64,628 | 37,571 | 80,094 | 91,304 |
UK | 63,673 | 30,999 | 48,605 | 125,432 |
Germany | 63,517 | 97,272 | 100,513 | 301,853 |
Turkey | 59,013 | 40,863 | 203,987 | 144,386 |
South Africa | 56,262 | 103,332 | 138,895 | 33,420 |
Russia | 52,920 | 512,386 | 33,742 | 22,765 |
Kazakhstan | 47,393 | 41,074 | 149,963 | 64,740 |
Italy | 47,098 | 51,038 | 84,147 | 81,021 |
Thailand | 45,445 | 49,924 | 129,724 | 39,546 |
South Korea | 33,590 | 24,399 | 20,517 | 40,950 |
Peru | 31,361 | 47,296 | 115,038 | 10,031 |
Indonesia | 29,346 | 23,324 | 334,164 | 43,136 |
Norway | 27,175 | 19,057 | 5,377 | 14,595 |
Iran | 23,722 | 98,687 | 5,953 | 16,815 |
Chile | 21,078 | 41,353 | 20,274 | 10,325 |
Colombia | 20,884 | 43,084 | 309,725 | 13,778 |
Sweden | 20,562 | 25,438 | 45,807 | 29,866 |
Poland | 20,432 | 29,499 | 67,151 | 107,822 |
Dem. Rep. Congo | 20,209 | 29,387 | 109,962 | 2,616 |
Ethiopia | 19,920 | 22,006 | 33,409 | 3,971 |
Venezuela | 19,663 | 13,822 | 74,656 | 10,237 |
Pakistan | 19,186 | 25,672 | 55,535 | 5,790 |
Belarus | 17,720 | 29,644 | 30,928 | 2,532 |
Ireland | 17,540 | 0 | 15,379 | 6,701 |
Romania | 17,127 | 18,403 | 9,745 | 18,058 |
Philippines | 17,077 | 15,267 | 42,811 | 21,311 |
Saudi Arabia | 16,860 | 8,020 | 45,593 | 15,715 |
Myanmar | 16,527 | 13,462 | 45,041 | 4,371 |
Ukraine | 16,342 | 33,147 | 170,020 | 9,871 |
Uzbekistan | 16,127 | 44,000 | 3,557 | 761 |
Portugal | 15,545 | 9,186 | 18,646 | 21,804 |
Finland | 14,847 | 16,030 | 33,043 | 25,466 |
Vietnam | 13,800 | 17,635 | 152,901 | 3,263 |
Zimbabwe | 13,482 | 18,803 | 34,883 | 3,335 |
Austria | 13,413 | 12,878 | 15,470 | 48,523 |
Bangladesh | 13,272 | 21,723 | 137,497 | 10,825 |
New Zealand | 12,522 | 6,913 | 64,498 | 16,471 |
Iraq | 12,418 | 53,285 | 71,012 | 3,650 |
Greece | 11,533 | 12,284 | 34,815 | 27,496 |
Netherlands | 11,466 | 7,425 | 18,460 | 40,442 |
Taiwan | 11,440 | 8,899 | 39,987 | 12,544 |
Uruguay | 10,314 | 0 | 59,160 | 113 |
Croatia | 9,844 | 11,043 | 6,506 | 7,477 |
Mongolia | 9,061 | 40,812 | 0 | 0 |
Belgium | 9,048 | 7,281 | 12,661 | 36,108 |
El Salvador | 8,984 | 8,424 | 11,072 | 26 |
U.A.E | 8,889 | 3,172 | 2,043 | 5,094 |
Hungary | 8,732 | 11,512 | 11,819 | 24,146 |
Algeria | 8,675 | 6,407 | 36,187 | 4,393 |
Nicaragua | 8,060 | 14,212 | 1,255 | 1,846 |
Bolivia | 7,957 | 8,091 | 82,960 | 9,586 |
Czech Republic | 7,877 | 15,232 | 35,640 | 30,517 |
Sri Lanka | 7,704 | 15,715 | 70,536 | 2,068 |
Nigeria | 7,545 | 8,119 | 68,572 | 8,233 |
Latvia | 7,519 | 10,213 | 4,134 | 4,942 |
Lithuania | 7,452 | 5,107 | 7,480 | 6,105 |
North Korea | 7,338 | 7,775 | 20,167 | 6,652 |
Switzerland | 7,278 | 5,303 | 10,821 | 22,644 |
Libya | 7,277 | 5,615 | 80,985 | 23,627 |
Ivory Coast | 7,030 | 7,531 | 29,015 | 2,231 |
Laos | 6,882 | 4,089 | 17,749 | 204 |
Angola | 6,691 | 10,588 | 114,680 | 3,668 |
Mozambique | 6,686 | 23,425 | 27,266 | 1,316 |
Yemen | 6,647 | 503 | 34,020 | 1,306 |
Syria | 6,440 | 6,834 | 16,624 | 4,535 |
Kyrgyzstan | 6,121 | 18,927 | 1,039 | 1,763 |
Malaysia | 6,022 | 16,713 | 14,020 | 482 |
Egypt | 5,872 | 5,678 | 35,611 | 5,419 |
Israel | 5,850 | 5,095 | 12,063 | 1,793 |
Kenya | 5,792 | 28,241 | 57,725 | 2,581 |
Ecuador | 5,725 | 11,034 | 55,207 | 8,324 |
Papua New Guinea | 5,620 | 7,168 | 25,172 | 0 |
Qatar | 5,570 | 2,046 | 588 | 843 |
Serbia | 5,536 | 5,246 | 3,832 | 7,244 |
Cuba | 5,373 | 6,285 | 29,485 | 15,740 |
Paraguay | 5,144 | 13,669 | 21,767 | 2,718 |
Albania | 5,121 | 6,249 | 21,641 | 11 |
Denmark | 5,053 | 6,113 | 6,556 | 32,534 |
Botswana | 4,979 | 8,314 | 49,837 | 0 |
Sudan | 4,859 | 5,142 | 81,954 | 9,390 |
Turkmenistan | 4,731 | 24,952 | 174,410 | 7 |
Morocco | 4,727 | 2,424 | 28,105 | 4,223 |
Iceland | 4,666 | 3,291 | 5,934 | 1,483 |
Zambia | 4,648 | 3,806 | 31,113 | 1,014 |
Somalia | 4,605 | 32,248 | 125,418 | 822 |
Slovakia | 4,317 | 3,723 | 10,318 | 14,778 |
Tunisia | 4,232 | 2,606 | 9,679 | 4,248 |
Afghanistan | 4,189 | 2,204 | 75,762 | 1,031 |
Bulgaria | 4,090 | 4,533 | 24,534 | 11,068 |
Panama | 3,887 | 3,718 | 2,811 | 1 |
Tanzania | 3,852 | 4,575 | 31,734 | 1,839 |
Oman | 3,435 | 2,588 | 15,395 | 2,128 |
Mali | 3,432 | 3,080 | 48,397 | 4,233 |
Malawi | 3,352 | 7,122 | 2,625 | 139 |
Bosnia | 3,239 | 1,332 | 2,529 | 669 |
Jordan | 3,021 | 2,119 | 7,722 | 6,422 |
Namibia | 2,904 | 2,146 | 35,073 | 8 |
Azerbaijan | 2,889 | 7,265 | 346 | 4,861 |
Madagascar | 2,799 | 3,779 | 63,672 | 1,091 |
Niger | 2,751 | 2,099 | 38,633 | 1,155 |
Guatemala | 2,745 | 10,431 | 20,632 | 6,605 |
Congo | 2,733 | 11,063 | 7,089 | 3,731 |
Tajikistan | 2,639 | 13,447 | 0 | 0 |
Honduras | 2,625 | 4,696 | 5,421 | 2,458 |
Costa Rica | 2,608 | 11,277 | 361 | 4,678 |
Puerto Rico | 2,543 | 2,539 | 3,415 | 4,437 |
Rwanda | 2,299 | 4,215 | 19,609 | 591 |
Cambodia | 2,231 | 11,481 | 38,387 | 2,401 |
Benin | 2,225 | 5,104 | 13,281 | 679 |
Slovenia | 2,223 | 2,686 | 3,689 | 3,876 |
Lebanon | 2,164 | 2,368 | 4,097 | 2,770 |
Ghana | 2,107 | 8,051 | 12,883 | 4,983 |
Senegal | 2,051 | 5,437 | 64,354 | 3,086 |
Uganda | 2,024 | 346 | 16,224 | 929 |
Burkina Faso | 2,021 | 10,087 | 15,747 | 3,191 |
Jamaica | 1,972 | 5,193 | 15,495 | 533 |
Bhutan | 1,871 | 0 | 499 | 6 |
Estonia | 1,859 | 3,065 | 9,745 | 3,882 |
Mauritania | 1,738 | 2,185 | 45,204 | 929 |
Nepal | 1,728 | 3,644 | 30,100 | 1,319 |
Burundi | 1,714 | 7,571 | 8,121 | 44 |
Cameroon | 1,574 | 3,453 | 64,095 | 2,760 |
Singapore | 1,561 | 417 | 193 | 1,376 |
Cyprus | 1,488 | 2,311 | 2,266 | 5,656 |
Kuwait | 1,334 | 128 | 64 | 125 |
Northern Macedonia | 1,332 | 1,421 | 991 | 406 |
South Sudan | 1,266 | 4,974 | 26,030 | 7 |
Armenia | 1,231 | 2,874 | 1,578 | 4,205 |
Georgia | 1,192 | 5,412 | 198 | 1,241 |
Moldova | 1,190 | 2,898 | 4,751 | 21 |
Luxembourg | 1,186 | 1,916 | 381 | 1,623 |
East Timor | 1,180 | 680 | 14,066 | 122 |
Dominican Republic | 1,148 | 3,809 | 1,152 | 4,781 |
Haiti | 1,089 | 1,347 | 13,913 | 1,820 |
Palestine | 1,035 | 751 | 2,412 | 8,619 |
Suriname | 1,030 | 891 | 0 | 0 |
Togo | 855 | 970 | 2,927 | 2,671 |
Montenegro | 842 | 519 | 809 | 640 |
Belize | 680 | 5,153 | 3,984 | 0 |
Djibouti | 675 | 1,673 | 4,438 | 0 |
Eswatini | 648 | 1,061 | 955 | 0 |
Bahrain | 502 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Guinea | 486 | 8,379 | 90,320 | 2,139 |
Eritrea | 477 | 30 | 6,592 | 2 |
French Guiana | 475 | 1,822 | 993 | 26 |
Central African Republic | 459 | 1,861 | 22,924 | 5 |
Liberia | 445 | 4,563 | 19,498 | 1 |
Guadeloupe | 438 | 523 | 2,017 | 1,325 |
Sierra Leone | 419 | 4,891 | 27,374 | 875 |
Fiji | 407 | 727 | 0 | 0 |
Kosovo | 366 | 449 | 296 | 0 |
New Caledonia | 340 | 1,873 | 0 | 0 |
Isle of Man | 336 | 120 | 21 | 133 |
Martinique | 323 | 442 | 1,211 | 881 |
Netherlands Antilles | 310 | 151 | 747 | 1,341 |
Chad | 304 | 1,958 | 48,767 | 1,228 |
Mauritius | 277 | 790 | 15,209 | 3,158 |
Lesotho | 267 | 635 | 2,250 | 5 |
Faroe Islands | 246 | 130 | 42 | 408 |
Barbados | 244 | 364 | 361 | 837 |
Malta | 228 | 223 | 173 | 1,013 |
Dominica | 224 | 60 | 237 | 341 |
U.S. Virgin Islands | 211 | 129 | 71 | 1,018 |
Reunion | 190 | 146 | 129 | 0 |
Western Sahara | 182 | 568 | 6,041 | 3 |
Gabon | 181 | 945 | 11,150 | 10 |
Grenada | 173 | 55 | 175 | 113 |
Cayman Islands | 168 | 55 | 90 | 433 |
Antigua and Barbuda | 134 | 53 | 343 | 595 |
Sao Tome and Principe | 123 | 0 | 415 | 0 |
Guam | 123 | 78 | 0 | 0 |
St. Lucia | 115 | 51 | 394 | 233 |
Cabo Verde | 99 | 333 | 1,959 | 1 |
Northern Mariana Islands | 87 | 58 | 0 | 0 |
Gambia | 85 | 1,400 | 3,612 | 15 |
British Virgin Islands | 72 | 39 | 119 | 67 |
Guinea-Bissau | 71 | 3,301 | 10,257 | 7 |
Trinidad and Tobago | 65 | 571 | 0 | 0 |
St. Kitts and Nevis | 54 | 42 | 97 | 253 |
French Polynesia | 54 | 121 | 0 | 0 |
St. Vincent & the Grenadines | 50 | 53 | 160 | 126 |
Anguila | 42 | 11 | 45 | 111 |
Aruba | 31 | 75 | 123 | 661 |
Andorra | 29 | 7 | 0 | 0 |
Saint Helena | 22 | 35 | 0 | 0 |
Montserrat | 20 | 2 | 33 | 70 |
Monaco | 14 | 6 | 7 | 15 |
San Marino | 13 | 11 | 58 | 36 |
Christmas Island | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Tonga | 10 | 125 | 0 | 0 |
Liechtenstein | 9 | 6 | 1 | 8 |
Gibraltar | 7 | 8 | 6 | 8 |
Guyana | 0 | 929 | 3,394 | 0 |
Equatorial Guinea | 0 | 210 | 2,399 | 0 |
Solomon Islands | 0 | 0 | 1,309 | 0 |
The Bahamas | 0 | 1,215 | 70 | 0 |
Brunei | 0 | 0 | 660 | 0 |
Falkland Island | 0 | 485 | 0 | 0 |
Vanuatu | 0 | 445 | 0 | 0 |
Comoros | 0 | 0 | 384 | 0 |
Samoa | 0 | 342 | 0 | 0 |
Mayotte | 0 | 0 | 109 | 0 |
Niue | 0 | 91 | 0 | 0 |
Turks & Caicos Island | 0 | 9 | 66 | 0 |
Seychelles | 0 | 32 | 38 | 0 |
Cook Islands | 0 | 47 | 0 | 0 |
Wallis & Futura Islands | 0 | 25 | 0 | 0 |
Palau | 0 | 18 | 0 | 0 |
American Samoa | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 |
French Southern & Antarctic Lands | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 |
Bermuda | 0 | 14 | 0 | 0 |
Norfolk Island | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
In the database, 1.8 million km or more than 50% of the U.S.’s large road map is made up of smaller local roads, giving unparalleled access across almost the entire country. It also has the world’s most secondary roads, while Argentina, India, and Australia lead the rankings with the most tertiary roads.
Regional Differences Between Types of Roads
These different types of roads have a striking effect on the regional visualizations of road maps.
In North America, the U.S. and Canada have a white-yellow hue accounting for the large number of highways, primary, and secondary roads.
In Mexico, the map takes on a distinct red tint, since tertiary and local roads account for nearly two-thirds of the country’s road network.
Something similar occurs in Europe, where old Cold War divisions play out in white, yellow, and red. France, Germany, Italy, and the U.K. glow hot in a mix of white and yellow, while former Eastern Bloc countries simmer more in red.
GRIP found that main roads (highways + primary) are usually found in North America, Europe, and China, while the rest of the world has a greater percentage of secondary (yellow) and tertiary and local (red) roads.
However, one interesting sidebar is that the four countries with the greatest percentage of main roads are all from the Middle East.
Rank (#) | Country | Main Roads (% of All) |
---|---|---|
1 | Bahrain 🇧🇭 | 100% |
2 | Kuwait 🇰🇼 | 81% |
3 | Bhutan 🇧🇹 | 79% |
4 | Qatar 🇶🇦 | 62% |
5 | Suriname 🇸🇷 | 54% |
6 | U.A.E 🇦🇪 | 46% |
7 | Ireland 🇮🇪 | 44% |
8 | Singapore 🇸🇬 | 44% |
9 | Bosnia 🇧🇦 | 42% |
10 | Norway 🇳🇴 | 41% |
11 | China 🇨🇳 | 40% |
12 | Liechtenstein 🇱🇮 | 38% |
13 | Canada 🇨🇦 | 38% |
14 | Panama 🇵🇦 | 37% |
15 | Grenada 🇬🇩 | 34% |
While there may be reasons for this, it’s possible it could also be a quirk in the database, depending on how data is collected or classified in the region.
What Do Road Networks Tell Us About Countries?
Analysis of the GRIP database found that “total road length in a country is strongly and positively related to its total land surface area, human population density, gross domestic product, and OECD membership.”
However, of all the correlations, population density is perhaps the most visible in snapshots of the larger world map, such as in this one of Asia.
The Indian subcontinent and Eastern China are the two most populous regions of the world, accounting for nearly 35% of the world’s population. The most populous regions within—especially in China—have more roads, representing growing cities and urban centers.
The opposite is visible in Africa and Australia, where large natural features like deserts prevent human settlement and roads vanish from the visualization as well.
Road Maps and Sustainable Development
The environmental impact of economic development is also visual on these road networks.
Road construction leads to emissions and biodiversity displacement. By matching road maps with natural environment visualizations like this forest map, we can see how much of the world’s pristine natural reserves are still untouched by humankind.
In South America for example, the Amazon rainforest accounts for a large chunk of Brazil’s lacking road coverage.
Finally, though the GRIP research attributes population and affluence as key correlations with road development, other economic factors drive road network expansion as well.
The researchers estimate that there will be 4 million kilometers of additional roads covering the Earth by 2050, even under conservative assumptions.
In the never-ending balancing act of sustainable development and economic prosperity, development of the world’s road map will have ripple effects for years to come.
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