Technology
Visualizing How Much Countries Spend on R&D
Visualizing How Much Countries Spend on R&D
Innovation can be a major competitive advantage for any developed economy.
However, achieving a sustainable rate of innovation isn’t necessarily a straightforward exercise. The reality is that innovation is a complex and difficult outcome to measure, and there are many different variables that factor into it at a national level.
Research and development (R&D) expenditure is certainly one of these factors – and while it doesn’t always directly correlate with innovation outcomes, it does represent time, capital, and effort being put into researching and designing the products of the future.
Measuring R&D Spend
Today’s infographic comes to us from HowMuch.net, and it compares R&D numbers for nearly every country in the world. It uses data from the UNESCO Institute for Statistics adjusted for purchasing-power parity (PPP).
As you can see, R&D expenditures are heavily concentrated at the top of the food chain:
Rank | Country | R&D Spending (PPP) | Global share (%) |
---|---|---|---|
#1 | United States | $476.5 billion | 26.4% |
#2 | China | $370.6 billion | 20.6% |
#3 | Japan | $170.5 billion | 9.5% |
#4 | Germany | $109.8 billion | 6.1% |
#5 | South Korea | $73.2 billion | 4.1% |
#6 | France | $60.8 billion | 3.4% |
#7 | India | $48.1 billion | 2.7% |
#8 | United Kingdom | $44.2 billion | 2.5% |
#9 | Brazil | $42.1 billion | 2.3% |
#10 | Russia | $39.8 billion | 2.2% |
#11 | Italy | $29.6 billion | 1.6% |
#12 | Canada | $27.6 billion | 1.5% |
#13 | Australia | $23.1 billion | 1.3% |
#14 | Spain | $19.3 billion | 1.1% |
#15 | Netherlands | $16.5 billion | 0.9% |
All other countries | $249.8 billion | 13.9% |
Put together the numbers for the U.S. ($476.5 billion) and China ($370.6 billion), and it amounts to 47.0% of total global R&D expenditures. Add in Japan and Germany, and the total goes to 62.5%.
At same time, the countries left off the above list don’t even combine for 15% of the world’s total R&D expenditures.
As a Percentage of GDP
Measuring R&D in absolute terms shows where most of the world’s research happens, but it fails to capture the countries that are spending more in relative terms.
Which countries allocate the highest percentage of their economy to research and development?
Rank | Country | R&D (as a % of GDP) |
---|---|---|
#1 | South Korea | 4.3% |
#2 | Israel | 4.2% |
#3 | Japan | 3.4% |
#4 | Switzerland | 3.2% |
#5 | Finland | 3.2% |
#6 | Austria | 3.1% |
#7 | Sweden | 3.1% |
#8 | Denmark | 2.9% |
#9 | Germany | 2.9% |
#10 | United States | 2.7% |
As you can see, countries like South Korea and Japan allocate the highest portion of their economies to R&D, which is part of the reason they rank so highly on the list in absolute terms as well.
Meanwhile, there are some smaller economies – namely Israel (4.2%) – that spend a far higher portion than normal on research.
Technology
Visualizing Internet Usage by Global Region
In this infographic, we map out internet usage by global region based on the latest data from the World Bank.
Visualizing Internet Usage by Global Region
This was originally posted on our Voronoi app. Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.
Digital technologies have become an integral part of our daily lives, transforming communications, business, health, education, and more. Yet, billions of people around the world are still offline, and digital advancement has been uneven.
Here, we map internet usage by region based on data from the World Bank’s Digital Progress and Trends Report 2023.
Digitalization Has Been Uneven
According to the World Bank, between 2018 and 2022, the world gained 1.5 billion new internet users.
In 2020 alone, the share of the global population using the internet increased by 6% (500 million people), marking the highest jump in history. India, in particular, has seen high rates of adoption. For example, in 2018, only 20% of Indians used the internet. By 2022, this percentage had grown to more than 50%.
Region | Individuals using the internet (% of population) |
---|---|
East Asia & Pacific | 74 |
Europe & Central Asia | 87 |
Latin America & the Caribbean | 76 |
Middle East & North Africa | 77 |
North America | 92 |
South Asia | 42 |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 34 |
However, the progress of digitalization has been uneven both within and across countries.
In 2022, one-third of the global population remained offline, with parts of Asia and Africa still experiencing very low rates of internet usage. For instance, more than half of businesses in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Senegal reportedly lack internet connection.
According to the World Bank’s report, when fast internet becomes available, the probability of an individual being employed increases by up to 13%, and total employment per firm increases by up to 22%. Moreover, firm exports nearly quadruple with the availability of fast internet. Across Africa, 3G coverage has been associated with a reduction in extreme poverty, with reductions of 10% seen in Senegal and 4.3% in Nigeria.
Curious to learn more about the internet? Check out this animated chart that shows the most popular web browsers since 1994.
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