Maps

Mapped: European Fertility Rates by Country

Published

2 months ago

March 2, 2025

Pallavi Rao

Graphics/Design:

Sam Parker

See this visualization first on the Voronoi app.

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Mapped: Europe’s Fertility Rate by Country in 2025

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According to UN estimates released last year, Europe already hit its peak population in 2021 and has slowly started its population decline.

How did this happen, and can this trend reverse?

To answer that question, we track the total fertility rate of every European country per UN estimates for 2025.

ℹ️ The fertility rate measures the average # of children a woman in a specific area will have over the course of her lifetime.

From this number, demographers and statisticians can make assumptions about population replacement and future trends.

Ranked: European Countries by Total Fertility Rates 2025

As it happens, 2.1 is a key threshold for fertility rates.

At this level, an area’s population remains stable. Above it, it’s likely to grow (barring war, disease, and famine). And below it, it’s likely to decline (barring immigration).

Rank	Country	ISO Code	Fertility Rate (2025)
1	🇲🇨 Monaco	MCO	2.1
2	🇲🇪 Montenegro	MNE	1.8
3	🇧🇬 Bulgaria	BGR	1.7
4	🇲🇩 Moldova	MDA	1.7
5	🇷🇴 Romania	ROU	1.7
6	🇫🇷 France	FRA	1.6
7	🇹🇷 Türkiye	TUR	1.6
8	🇮🇪 Ireland	IRL	1.6
9	🇸🇮 Slovenia	SVN	1.6
10	🇸🇰 Slovakia	SVK	1.6
11	🇱🇮 Liechtenstein	LIE	1.5
12	🇬🇧 UK	GBR	1.5
13	🇽🇰 Kosovo	XKX	1.5
14	🇩🇰 Denmark	DNK	1.5
15	🇵🇹 Portugal	PRT	1.5
16	🇧🇦 Bosnia & Herzegovina	BIH	1.5
17	🇭🇺 Hungary	HUN	1.5
18	🇮🇸 Iceland	ISL	1.5
19	🇷🇸 Serbia	SRB	1.5
20	🇭🇷 Croatia	HRV	1.5
21	🇨🇿 Czechia	CZE	1.5
22	🇲🇰 North Macedonia	MKD	1.5
23	🇷🇺 Russia	RUS	1.5
24	🇩🇪 Germany	DEU	1.5
25	🇳🇱 Netherlands	NLD	1.4
26	🇸🇪 Sweden	SWE	1.4
27	🇨🇭 Switzerland	CHE	1.4
28	🇳🇴 Norway	NOR	1.4
29	🇱🇺 Luxembourg	LUX	1.4
30	🇧🇪 Belgium	BEL	1.4
31	🇪🇪 Estonia	EST	1.4
32	🇨🇾 Cyprus	CYP	1.4
33	🇱🇻 Latvia	LVA	1.4
34	🇬🇷 Greece	GRC	1.3
35	🇦🇱 Albania	ALB	1.3
36	🇦🇹 Austria	AUT	1.3
37	🇵🇱 Poland	POL	1.3
38	🇫🇮 Finland	FIN	1.3
39	🇧🇾 Belarus	BLR	1.2
40	🇪🇸 Spain	ESP	1.2
41	🇱🇹 Lithuania	LTU	1.2
42	🇮🇹 Italy	ITA	1.2
43	🇸🇲 San Marino	SMR	1.2
44	🇲🇹 Malta	MLT	1.1
45	🇦🇩 Andorra	AND	1.1
46	🇺🇦 Ukraine	UKR	1.0
N/A	🇪🇺 Europe	EUR	1.4

Looking at the data in the table above, almost all of Europe is below population replacement rate.

Monaco is the only exception, and is likely skewed upwards due to its small size (39,000 residents). Any small change in the number of babies born there can dramatically affect the fertility rate.

Zooming out, Northern and Western Europe have had below replacement fertility rates since the 1960s. Time and immigration helped delay immediate effects but four decades of falling fertility rates are finally having an impact.

Unless immigration patterns change significantly (and these new immigrants have more children), it’s unlikely this trend will reverse.