Markets
Chart: Investing in the Finer Things in Life
The Finer Investments in Life
The Chart of the Week is a weekly Visual Capitalist feature on Fridays.
Outside of the mainstream world of stocks and bonds, there exists an interesting cross-section of alternative assets that only really gain appreciation from a relatively small group of elite investors.
These luxury collectibles – things like fine wine, classic cars, rare stamps, colored diamonds, Chinese ceramics, and fine art – are unquestionably fun to hold as investments and even to talk about. But do these alternative assets also perform as investments over time?
Eye of the Beholder
The obvious challenge with valuing an item like a prized Picasso painting is that beauty is in the eye of the beholder.
Investors can rely on expert opinions, their own experience, historical evidence, and longstanding markets for these asset classes. However, at the end of the day, the price an investor is willing to pay is ultimately subjective, which can get compounded by the fact that these markets also tend to be illiquid.
If you’re buying or selling one of these assets, this can either work in your favor – or you can be stuck with a classic car in your garage that never really panned out in terms of price.
Here is a graph showing the sale dates of some of the most expensive paintings:
Recently, you may remember the sale of Leonardo da Vinci’s re-discovered masterpiece, Salvator Mundi, as an event that topped headlines in late-2017. The painting was bought for $450 million by Abu Dhabi’s department of culture and tourism, and it’s to be displayed in the Abu Dhabi Louvre.
Investments that Age Well
Despite the challenges involved in valuing these assets, as well as other costs such as setting up the storage and security systems needed to protect them, time has been kind to many of these luxury assets.
Here are the returns of luxury items over the last decade, based on the 2018 Wealth Report by Knight Frank:
Ten Year Returns | CAGR | |
---|---|---|
Autos | 334% | 15.8% |
Fine Wine | 192% | 11.3% |
Rare Coins | 182% | 10.9% |
Jewelry | 138% | 9.1% |
Rare Stamps | 103% | 7.4% |
Fine Art | 78% | 5.9% |
Colored Diamonds | 70% | 5.5% |
Watches | 69% | 5.4% |
Chinese Ceramics | -3% | -0.3% |
Furniture | -32% | -3.8% |
Keep in mind these investment categories are pretty narrow – for example, a Toyota Corolla doesn’t count towards the auto category. Instead, we’re talking about cars like the Lancia Aurelia B24 “Spider”, of which only 761 models were made in the 1950s.
In any case, as you can see from the above table, most of these assets have not only continued to hold their value, but they’ve also appreciated in price significantly. Autos topped the list, but fine wine and rare coins (two more accessible options for investors) also did quite well with 11.3% and 10.9% annual gains, respectively.
Correction: A previous version of the graphic showed an incorrect Jean-Michel Basquiat painting.
Debt
Visualizing $97 Trillion of Global Debt in 2023
Global debt has soared since the pandemic. Which countries have the biggest stockpile of debt outstanding in 2023?

Visualizing $97 Trillion of Global Debt in 2023
Global debt is projected to hit $97.1 trillion this year, a 40% increase since 2019.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, governments introduced sweeping financial measures to support the job market and prevent a wave of bankruptcies. However, this has exposed vulnerabilities as higher interest rates are amplifying borrowing costs.
This graphic shows global debt by country in 2023, based on projections from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
Debt by Country in 2023
Below, we rank countries by their general government gross debt, or the financial liabilities owed by each country:
Country | Gross Debt (B) | % of World Total | Debt to GDP |
---|---|---|---|
🇺🇸 U.S. | $33,228.9 | 34.2% | 123.3% |
🇨🇳 China | $14,691.7 | 15.1% | 83.0% |
🇯🇵 Japan | $10,797.2 | 11.1% | 255.2% |
🇬🇧 UK | $3,468.7 | 3.6% | 104.1% |
🇫🇷 France | $3,353.9 | 3.5% | 110.0% |
🇮🇹 Italy | $3,141.4 | 3.2% | 143.7% |
🇮🇳 India | $3,056.7 | 3.1% | 81.9% |
🇩🇪 Germany | $2,919.3 | 3.0% | 65.9% |
🇨🇦 Canada | $2,253.3 | 2.3% | 106.4% |
🇧🇷 Brazil | $1,873.7 | 1.9% | 88.1% |
🇪🇸 Spain | $1,697.5 | 1.7% | 107.3% |
🇲🇽 Mexico | $954.6 | 1.0% | 52.7% |
🇰🇷 South Korea | $928.1 | 1.0% | 54.3% |
🇦🇺 Australia | $875.9 | 0.9% | 51.9% |
🇸🇬 Singapore | $835.0 | 0.9% | 167.9% |
🇧🇪 Belgium | $665.2 | 0.7% | 106.0% |
🇦🇷 Argentina | $556.5 | 0.6% | 89.5% |
🇮🇩 Indonesia | $552.8 | 0.6% | 39.0% |
🇳🇱 Netherlands | $540.9 | 0.6% | 49.5% |
🇵🇱 Poland | $419.4 | 0.4% | 49.8% |
🇬🇷 Greece | $407.2 | 0.4% | 168.0% |
🇹🇷 Türkiye | $397.2 | 0.4% | 34.4% |
🇷🇺 Russia | $394.8 | 0.4% | 21.2% |
🇦🇹 Austria | $393.6 | 0.4% | 74.8% |
🇪🇬 Egypt | $369.3 | 0.4% | 92.7% |
🇨🇭 Switzerland | $357.7 | 0.4% | 39.5% |
🇹🇭 Thailand | $314.5 | 0.3% | 61.4% |
🇮🇱 Israel | $303.6 | 0.3% | 58.2% |
🇵🇹 Portugal | $299.4 | 0.3% | 108.3% |
🇲🇾 Malaysia | $288.3 | 0.3% | 66.9% |
🇿🇦 South Africa | $280.7 | 0.3% | 73.7% |
🇵🇰 Pakistan | $260.9 | 0.3% | 76.6% |
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia | $257.7 | 0.3% | 24.1% |
🇮🇪 Ireland | $251.7 | 0.3% | 42.7% |
🇵🇭 Philippines | $250.9 | 0.3% | 57.6% |
🇫🇮 Finland | $225.0 | 0.2% | 73.6% |
🇳🇴 Norway | $204.5 | 0.2% | 37.4% |
🇨🇴 Colombia | $200.1 | 0.2% | 55.0% |
🇹🇼 Taiwan | $200.0 | 0.2% | 26.6% |
🇸🇪 Sweden | $192.9 | 0.2% | 32.3% |
🇷🇴 Romania | $178.7 | 0.2% | 51.0% |
🇧🇩 Bangladesh | $175.9 | 0.2% | 39.4% |
🇺🇦 Ukraine | $152.8 | 0.2% | 88.1% |
🇨🇿 Czech Republic | $152.2 | 0.2% | 45.4% |
🇳🇬 Nigeria | $151.3 | 0.2% | 38.8% |
🇦🇪 UAE | $149.7 | 0.2% | 29.4% |
🇻🇳 Vietnam | $147.3 | 0.2% | 34.0% |
🇭🇺 Hungary | $140.0 | 0.1% | 68.7% |
🇨🇱 Chile | $132.2 | 0.1% | 38.4% |
🇩🇰 Denmark | $126.7 | 0.1% | 30.1% |
🇮🇶 Iraq | $125.5 | 0.1% | 49.2% |
🇩🇿 Algeria | $123.5 | 0.1% | 55.1% |
🇳🇿 New Zealand | $115.0 | 0.1% | 46.1% |
🇮🇷 Iran | $112.1 | 0.1% | 30.6% |
🇲🇦 Morocco | $102.7 | 0.1% | 69.7% |
🇶🇦 Qatar | $97.5 | 0.1% | 41.4% |
🇵🇪 Peru | $89.7 | 0.1% | 33.9% |
🇦🇴 Angola | $79.6 | 0.1% | 84.9% |
🇰🇪 Kenya | $79.1 | 0.1% | 70.2% |
🇸🇰 Slovakia | $75.4 | 0.1% | 56.7% |
🇩🇴 Dominican Republic | $72.1 | 0.1% | 59.8% |
🇪🇨 Ecuador | $65.9 | 0.1% | 55.5% |
🇸🇩 Sudan | $65.5 | 0.1% | 256.0% |
🇬🇭 Ghana | $65.1 | 0.1% | 84.9% |
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan | $60.7 | 0.1% | 23.4% |
🇪🇹 Ethiopia | $59.0 | 0.1% | 37.9% |
🇧🇭 Bahrain | $54.5 | 0.1% | 121.2% |
🇨🇷 Costa Rica | $53.9 | 0.1% | 63.0% |
🇭🇷 Croatia | $51.2 | 0.1% | 63.8% |
🇺🇾 Uruguay | $47.0 | 0.0% | 61.6% |
🇯🇴 Jordan | $46.9 | 0.0% | 93.8% |
🇸🇮 Slovenia | $46.8 | 0.0% | 68.5% |
🇨🇮 Côte d'Ivoire | $45.1 | 0.0% | 56.8% |
🇵🇦 Panama | $43.5 | 0.0% | 52.8% |
🇲🇲 Myanmar | $43.0 | 0.0% | 57.5% |
🇴🇲 Oman | $41.4 | 0.0% | 38.2% |
🇹🇳 Tunisia | $39.9 | 0.0% | 77.8% |
🇷🇸 Serbia | $38.5 | 0.0% | 51.3% |
🇧🇴 Bolivia | $37.8 | 0.0% | 80.8% |
🇹🇿 Tanzania | $35.8 | 0.0% | 42.6% |
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan | $31.7 | 0.0% | 35.1% |
🇿🇼 Zimbabwe | $30.9 | 0.0% | 95.4% |
🇧🇾 Belarus | $30.4 | 0.0% | 44.1% |
🇬🇹 Guatemala | $29.1 | 0.0% | 28.3% |
🇱🇹 Lithuania | $28.7 | 0.0% | 36.1% |
🇸🇻 El Salvador | $25.8 | 0.0% | 73.0% |
🇺🇬 Uganda | $25.3 | 0.0% | 48.3% |
🇸🇳 Senegal | $25.2 | 0.0% | 81.0% |
🇨🇾 Cyprus | $25.2 | 0.0% | 78.6% |
🇱🇺 Luxembourg | $24.6 | 0.0% | 27.6% |
🇭🇰 Hong Kong SAR | $23.5 | 0.0% | 6.1% |
🇧🇬 Bulgaria | $21.7 | 0.0% | 21.0% |
🇨🇲 Cameroon | $20.6 | 0.0% | 41.9% |
🇲🇿 Mozambique | $19.7 | 0.0% | 89.7% |
🇵🇷 Puerto Rico | $19.6 | 0.0% | 16.7% |
🇳🇵 Nepal | $19.3 | 0.0% | 46.7% |
🇱🇻 Latvia | $18.9 | 0.0% | 40.6% |
🇮🇸 Iceland | $18.7 | 0.0% | 61.2% |
🇵🇾 Paraguay | $18.1 | 0.0% | 40.9% |
🇱🇦 Lao P.D.R. | $17.3 | 0.0% | 121.7% |
🇭🇳 Honduras | $15.7 | 0.0% | 46.3% |
🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea | $15.7 | 0.0% | 49.5% |
🇹🇹 Trinidad and Tobago | $14.6 | 0.0% | 52.5% |
🇦🇱 Albania | $14.5 | 0.0% | 62.9% |
🇨🇬 Republic of Congo | $14.1 | 0.0% | 97.8% |
🇦🇿 Azerbaijan | $14.1 | 0.0% | 18.2% |
🇾🇪 Yemen | $14.0 | 0.0% | 66.4% |
🇯🇲 Jamaica | $13.6 | 0.0% | 72.3% |
🇲🇳 Mongolia | $13.1 | 0.0% | 69.9% |
🇧🇫 Burkina Faso | $12.7 | 0.0% | 61.2% |
🇬🇦 Gabon | $12.5 | 0.0% | 64.9% |
🇬🇪 Georgia | $11.9 | 0.0% | 39.6% |
🇲🇺 Mauritius | $11.8 | 0.0% | 79.7% |
🇦🇲 Armenia | $11.8 | 0.0% | 47.9% |
🇧🇸 Bahamas | $11.7 | 0.0% | 84.2% |
🇲🇱 Mali | $11.0 | 0.0% | 51.8% |
🇲🇹 Malta | $11.0 | 0.0% | 54.1% |
🇰🇭 Cambodia | $10.9 | 0.0% | 35.3% |
🇧🇯 Benin | $10.6 | 0.0% | 53.0% |
🇲🇼 Malawi | $10.4 | 0.0% | 78.6% |
🇪🇪 Estonia | $9.0 | 0.0% | 21.6% |
🇨🇩 Democratic Republic of Congo | $9.0 | 0.0% | 13.3% |
🇷🇼 Rwanda | $8.8 | 0.0% | 63.3% |
🇳🇦 Namibia | $8.5 | 0.0% | 67.6% |
🇲🇬 Madagascar | $8.5 | 0.0% | 54.0% |
🇳🇪 Niger | $8.3 | 0.0% | 48.7% |
🇲🇰 North Macedonia | $8.2 | 0.0% | 51.6% |
🇧🇦 Bosnia and Herzegovina | $7.7 | 0.0% | 28.6% |
🇲🇻 Maldives | $7.7 | 0.0% | 110.3% |
🇬🇳 Guinea | $7.3 | 0.0% | 31.6% |
🇳🇮 Nicaragua | $7.2 | 0.0% | 41.5% |
🇧🇧 Barbados | $7.2 | 0.0% | 115.0% |
🇹🇬 Togo | $6.1 | 0.0% | 67.2% |
🇰🇬 Kyrgyz Republic | $6.0 | 0.0% | 47.0% |
🇲🇩 Moldova | $5.6 | 0.0% | 35.1% |
🇹🇩 Chad | $5.4 | 0.0% | 43.2% |
🇰🇼 Kuwait | $5.4 | 0.0% | 3.4% |
🇲🇷 Mauritania | $5.1 | 0.0% | 49.5% |
🇭🇹 Haiti | $5.1 | 0.0% | 19.6% |
🇬🇾 Guyana | $4.9 | 0.0% | 29.9% |
🇲🇪 Montenegro | $4.6 | 0.0% | 65.8% |
🇫🇯 Fiji | $4.6 | 0.0% | 83.6% |
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan | $4.2 | 0.0% | 5.1% |
🇹🇯 Tajikistan | $4.0 | 0.0% | 33.5% |
🇧🇼 Botswana | $3.9 | 0.0% | 18.7% |
🇬🇶 Equatorial Guinea | $3.8 | 0.0% | 38.3% |
🇸🇷 Suriname | $3.8 | 0.0% | 107.0% |
🇸🇸 South Sudan | $3.8 | 0.0% | 60.4% |
🇧🇹 Bhutan | $3.3 | 0.0% | 123.4% |
🇦🇼 Aruba | $3.2 | 0.0% | 82.9% |
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone | $3.1 | 0.0% | 88.9% |
🇨🇻 Cabo Verde | $2.9 | 0.0% | 113.1% |
🇧🇮 Burundi | $2.3 | 0.0% | 72.7% |
🇱🇷 Liberia | $2.3 | 0.0% | 52.3% |
🇽🇰 Kosovo | $2.2 | 0.0% | 21.3% |
🇸🇿 Eswatini | $2.0 | 0.0% | 42.4% |
🇧🇿 Belize | $1.9 | 0.0% | 59.3% |
🇱🇨 Saint Lucia | $1.8 | 0.0% | 74.2% |
🇬🇲 Gambia | $1.7 | 0.0% | 72.3% |
🇩🇯 Djibouti | $1.6 | 0.0% | 41.8% |
🇦🇬 Antigua and Barbuda | $1.6 | 0.0% | 80.5% |
🇸🇲 San Marino | $1.5 | 0.0% | 74.0% |
🇬🇼 Guinea-Bissau | $1.5 | 0.0% | 73.9% |
🇱🇸 Lesotho | $1.5 | 0.0% | 61.3% |
🇦🇩 Andorra | $1.4 | 0.0% | 37.7% |
🇨🇫 Central African Republic | $1.4 | 0.0% | 50.1% |
🇸🇨 Seychelles | $1.3 | 0.0% | 60.8% |
🇻🇨 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | $0.9 | 0.0% | 86.2% |
🇬🇩 Grenada | $0.8 | 0.0% | 60.2% |
🇩🇲 Dominica | $0.7 | 0.0% | 93.9% |
🇰🇳 Saint Kitts and Nevis | $0.6 | 0.0% | 53.2% |
🇻🇺 Vanuatu | $0.5 | 0.0% | 46.8% |
🇰🇲 Comoros | $0.5 | 0.0% | 33.3% |
🇸🇹 São Tomé and Príncipe | $0.4 | 0.0% | 58.5% |
🇸🇧 Solomon Islands | $0.4 | 0.0% | 22.2% |
🇧🇳 Brunei Darussalam | $0.3 | 0.0% | 2.3% |
🇼🇸 Samoa | $0.3 | 0.0% | 36.2% |
🇹🇱 Timor-Leste | $0.3 | 0.0% | 16.4% |
🇵🇼 Palau | $0.2 | 0.0% | 85.4% |
🇹🇴 Tonga | $0.2 | 0.0% | 41.1% |
🇫🇲 Micronesia | $0.1 | 0.0% | 12.5% |
🇲🇭 Marshall Islands | $0.1 | 0.0% | 18.1% |
🇳🇷 Nauru | <$0.1 | 0.0% | 29.1% |
🇰🇮 Kiribati | <$0.1 | 0.0% | 13.1% |
🇹🇻 Tuvalu | <$0.1 | 0.0% | 8.0% |
🇲🇴 Macao SAR | <$0.1 | 0.0% | 0.0% |
🌐 World | $97,129.8 | 100% | 93.0% |
With $33.2 trillion in government debt, the U.S. makes up over a third of the world total.
Given the increasing debt load, the cost of servicing this debt now accounts for 20% of government spending. It is projected to reach $1 trillion by 2028, surpassing the total spent on defense.
The world’s third-biggest economy, Japan, has one of the highest debt to GDP ratios, at 255%. Over the last two decades, its national debt has far exceeded 100% of its GDP, driven by an aging population and social security expenses.
In 2023, Egypt faces steep borrowing costs, with 40% of revenues going towards debt repayments. It has the highest debt on the continent.
Like Egypt, several emerging economies are facing strain. Lebanon has been in default since 2020, and Ghana defaulted on the majority of its external debt—debt owed to foreign lenders—in 2022 amid a deepening economic crisis.
Global Debt: A Regional Perspective
How does debt compare on a regional level in 2023?
Region | Gross Debt (B) | % of World Total | Debt to GDP |
---|---|---|---|
North America | $36,451.8 | 37.5% | 117.6% |
Asia and Pacific | $34,257.4 | 35.3% | 92.5% |
Europe | $20,123.4 | 20.7% | 79.1% |
South America | $3,164.9 | 3.3% | 77.2% |
Africa | $1,863.6 | 1.9% | 65.2% |
Other/Rest of World | $1,269.1 | 1.3% | 31.4% |
We can see that North America has both the highest debt and debt to GDP compared to other regions. Just as U.S. debt has ballooned, so has Canada’s—ranking as the 10th-highest globally in government debt outstanding.
Across Asia and the Pacific, debt levels hover close to North America.
At 3.3% of the global total, South America has $3.2 trillion in debt. As inflation has trended downwards, a handful of governments have already begun cutting interest rates. Overall, public debt levels are projected to stay elevated across the region.
Debt levels have also risen rapidly in Africa, with an average 40% of public debt held in foreign currencies—leaving it exposed to exchange rate fluctuations. Another challenge is that interest rates are also higher across the region compared to advanced economies, increasing debt-servicing costs.
By 2028, the IMF projects that global public debt will exceed 100% of GDP, hitting levels only seen during the pandemic.
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