Investor Education

Volatility 101: An Introduction to Market Volatility

Published

2 years ago

August 15, 2018

Jeff Desjardins

Volatility 101: An Introduction to Market Volatility

Volatility 101: An Introduction to Market Volatility

Almost all assets see fluctuations in value over time.

But while price swings are a common phenomenon in most asset classes that exist, they are the most famous in the stock market.

These upward and downward movements in price are known as volatility, which is defined as “a measure of the frequency and severity of price movement in a given market”.

Understanding Volatility

Today’s infographic comes to us from Fisher Investments, and it serves as an introduction to the concept of volatility, along with offering a perspective on volatility’s impact on investments.

Why are certain times more volatile than others?

In the short term, volatility is driven by changes in demand, which is largely related to changes in earnings expectations. These expectations can be affected by:

Earnings reports
New economic data
Company leadership changes
New innovations
Herd mentality
Political changes
Interest rate changes
Market sentiment swings
Other events (economic, political, etc.)

Often the media and investors assign certain narratives to price changes, but the reality is that the stock market is very complex, and has many underlying factors that drive movements.

What ultimately matters for volatility is demand: if stocks move up or down on a given day, we can say definitively that demand for stock was more (or less) than stock supply.

Calculating Volatility

Technically speaking, volatility is a statistical measure of the dispersion of returns for a given security or market index over a specific timeframe.

In other words, two stocks may have the same average rate of return over a year, but one may have daily moves of 1%, while the other may jump around by 5% each day. The latter stock has a higher standard deviation of returns, and thus has higher volatility.

Here’s what you need to know about standard deviation, which is a common measure of volatility:

Roughly 68% of returns fall within +/-1 standard deviation
To calculate standard deviation, differences must be squared. This means negative and positive differences are combined
Standard deviation tells you how likely a particular value is, based on past data
Standard deviation doesn’t, however, show you the direction of movement

This all gets more interesting as we look at the market as a whole, in which thousands of stocks (each with their own individual volatility) are moving up and down simultaneously.

Market Volatility

Now that you can see how volatility plays out with individual stocks, it makes sense that market volatility is the overall volatility from the vast collection of stocks that make up the market.

In the United States, the most watched stock market index is the S&P 500 – a collection of 500 of the largest companies listed in the country. One measure of the volatility of the S&P 500 is the CBOE Volatility Index, or as it is known by its ticker symbol, the VIX.

Volatility and market sentiment in the overall market are important, because humans tend to experience the pain of loss more acutely than the upside of gains – and this can impact short-term decision making in the markets.

Negative price swings in the wider market can be distressful and unnerving for investors, and high volatility does present some challenges:

Uncertainty in the markets can lead to fear, which can lead investors to make decisions they may otherwise not make
If certain cashflows are needed at a later date, higher volatility means a greater chance of a shortfall
Higher volatility also means a wider distribution of possible final portfolio values

That said, volatility also represents a chance of better returns than expected – and for long-term investors that are patient, volatility can help drive outcomes.

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Investor Education

Ranking Asset Classes by Historical Returns (1985-2020)

What are the best-performing investments in 2020, and how do previous years compare? This graphic shows historical returns by asset class.

Published

4 days ago

November 20, 2020

Jenna Ross

Historical Returns by Asset Class (1985-2020)

Mirror, mirror, on the wall, is there one asset class to rule them all?

From stocks to bonds to alternatives, investors can choose from a wide variety of investment types. The choices can be overwhelming—leaving people to wonder if there’s one investment that consistently outperforms, or if there’s a predictable pattern of performance.

This graphic, which is inspired by and uses data from The Measure of a Plan, shows historical returns by asset class for the last 36 years.

Asset Class Returns by Year

This analysis includes assets of various types, geographies, and risk levels. It uses real total returns, meaning that they account for inflation and the reinvestment of dividends.

Here’s how the data breaks down, this time organized by asset class rather than year:

	U.S. Large Cap Stocks	U.S. Small Cap Stocks	Int'l Dev Stocks	Emerging Stocks	All U.S. Bonds	High-Yield U.S. Bonds	Int'l Bonds	Cash (T-Bill)	REIT	Gold
Ticker	VFIAX	VSMAX	VTMGX	VEMAX	VBTLX	VWEAX	VTABX	VUSXX	VGSLX	IAU
2020*	1.5%	-5.5%	-10.3%	-0.7%	4.9%	-0.5%	2.6%	-0.7%	-16.4%	21.9%
2019	28.5%	24.5%	19.3%	17.6%	6.3%	13.3%	5.5%	-0.1%	26.1%	15.9%
2018	-6.2%	-11.0%	-16.1%	-16.2%	-1.9%	-4.7%	1.0%	-0.1%	-7.7%	-3.2%
2017	19.3%	13.8%	23.8%	28.7%	1.4%	4.9%	0.3%	-1.3%	2.8%	9.3%
2016	9.7%	15.9%	0.4%	9.5%	0.5%	9.0%	2.5%	-1.8%	6.3%	6.6%
2015	0.6%	-4.3%	-0.9%	-16.0%	-0.3%	-2.0%	0.3%	-0.7%	1.6%	-12.3%
2014	12.8%	6.7%	-6.4%	-0.2%	5.1%	3.9%	8.0%	-0.7%	29.3%	-1.2%
2013	30.4%	35.8%	20.3%	-6.4%	-3.6%	3.1%	-0.4%	-1.5%	0.9%	-29.0%
2012	14.0%	16.2%	16.5%	16.8%	2.4%	12.5%	4.5%	-1.7%	15.7%	6.5%
2011	-0.9%	-5.5%	-15.0%	-21.0%	4.6%	4.2%	0.8%	-2.9%	5.5%	5.5%
2010	13.4%	26.0%	6.8%	17.2%	5.0%	10.9%	1.7%	-1.5%	26.6%	26.0%
2009	23.3%	32.7%	24.9%	71.5%	3.2%	35.6%	1.6%	-2.4%	26.3%	20.2%
2008	-37.0%	-36.1%	-41.3%	-52.8%	5.1%	-21.3%	5.5%	2.0%	-37.0%	5.4%
2007	1.3%	-2.7%	6.8%	33.6%	2.8%	-1.8%	0.1%	0.7%	-19.7%	25.8%
2006	12.9%	12.9%	23.1%	26.3%	1.8%	5.7%	0.5%	2.1%	31.8%	19.3%
2005	1.4%	3.9%	9.8%	27.7%	-0.9%	-0.5%	1.8%	-0.5%	8.3%	13.0%
2004	7.3%	16.2%	16.5%	22.1%	1.0%	5.2%	1.8%	-2.0%	26.7%	1.4%
2003	26.2%	43.1%	36.1%	54.7%	2.1%	15.1%	0.4%	-0.9%	33.3%	19.2%
2002	-23.9%	-21.8%	-17.6%	-9.6%	5.8%	-0.6%	4.2%	-0.7%	1.3%	20.8%
2001	-13.3%	1.6%	-23.1%	-4.4%	6.8%	1.3%	4.6%	2.6%	10.7%	-0.4%
2000	-12.0%	-5.8%	-17.1%	-29.9%	7.7%	-4.1%	5.4%	2.5%	22.2%	-9.6%
1999	17.9%	19.9%	23.6%	57.3%	-3.4%	-0.2%	-0.6%	2.0%	-6.5%	-1.7%
1998	26.6%	-4.2%	18.0%	-19.4%	6.9%	3.9%	10.2%	3.5%	-17.7%	-2.4%
1997	31.0%	22.5%	0.0%	-18.2%	7.6%	10.0%	8.9%	3.5%	16.8%	-23.2%
1996	18.9%	14.3%	2.6%	12.1%	0.3%	6.0%	8.3%	1.9%	31.4%	-7.7%
1995	34.0%	25.6%	8.4%	-1.9%	15.3%	16.2%	14.3%	3.1%	10.0%	-1.7%
1994	-1.5%	-3.1%	4.9%	-10.1%	-5.2%	-4.3%	-7.3%	1.3%	0.4%	-4.9%
1993	7.0%	15.5%	28.9%	69.4%	6.7%	15.1%	10.7%	0.2%	16.3%	13.9%
1992	4.4%	14.9%	-14.7%	7.8%	4.1%	11.0%	3.3%	0.6%	11.2%	-8.7%
1991	26.3%	40.9%	8.7%	54.5%	11.8%	25.2%	7.5%	2.5%	31.5%	-12.5%
1990	-8.9%	-22.8%	-27.9%	-16.1%	2.4%	-11.3%	-2.7%	1.6%	-20.3%	-8.3%
1989	25.5%	11.0%	5.6%	56.9%	8.6%	-2.6%	-0.6%	3.7%	3.9%	-6.8%
1988	11.3%	19.7%	22.8%	33.9%	2.8%	8.8%	4.4%	2.1%	8.6%	-19.6%
1987	0.3%	-12.7%	19.3%	9.3%	-2.8%	-1.7%	4.5%	1.3%	-7.8%	19.0%
1986	16.8%	4.5%	67.5%	10.4%	13.9%	15.6%	10.1%	5.0%	17.7%	17.9%
1985	26.4%	26.2%	50.3%	22.9%	17.6%	17.5%	7.0%	3.8%	14.6%	1.7%

*Data for 2020 is as of October 31

The top-performing asset class so far in 2020 is gold, with a return more than four times that of second-place U.S. bonds. On the other hand, real estate investment trusts (REITs) have been the worst-performing investments. Needless to say, economic shutdowns due to COVID-19 have had a devastating effect on commercial real estate.

Over time, the order is fairly random with asset classes moving up and down the ranks. For example, emerging market stocks plummeted to last place amid the global financial crisis in 2008, only to rise to the top the following year. International bonds were near the bottom of the barrel in 2017, but rose to the top during the 2018 market selloff.

There are also large swings in the returns investors can expect in any given year. While the best-performing asset class returned just 1% in 2018, it returned a whopping 71.5% in 2009.

Variation Within Asset Classes

Within individual asset classes, the range in returns can also be quite large. Here’s the minimum, maximum, and average returns for each asset class. We’ve also shown each investment’s standard deviation, which is a measure of volatility or risk.

Return Variation Within Asset Classes Over History

Although emerging market stocks have seen the highest average return, they have also seen the highest standard deviation. On the flip side, T-bills have seen returns lower than inflation since 2009, but have come with the lowest risk.

Investors should factor in risk when they are looking at the return potential of an asset class.

Variety is the Spice of Portfolios

Upon reviewing the historical returns by asset class, there’s no particular investment that has consistently outperformed. Rankings have changed over time depending on a number of economic variables.

However, having a variety of asset classes can ensure you are best positioned to take advantage of tailwinds in any particular year. For instance, bonds have a low correlation with stocks and can cushion against losses during market downturns.

If your mirror could talk, it would tell you there’s no one asset class to rule them all—but a mix of asset classes may be your best chance at success.

Mining

How to Avoid Common Mistakes With Mining Stocks (Part 4: Project Quality)

Mining is a technical field that manages complex factors from geology to engineering. These details can make or break a project.

Published

2 weeks ago

November 12, 2020

Nicholas LePan

Mining is a technical field and requires a comprehension of many complex factors.

This includes everything from the characteristics of an orebody to the actual extraction method envisioned and used—and the devil is often found in these technical details.

Part 4: Evaluating Technical Risks and Project Quality

We’ve partnered with Eclipse Gold Mining on an infographic series to show you how to avoid common mistakes when evaluating and investing in mining exploration stocks.

Here is a basic introduction to some technical and project quality characteristics to consider when looking at your next mining investment.

Mining Project Quality

View the three other parts of this series so far:

Mistakes made when choosing a team
Mistakes made with the business plan
Mistakes with project jurisdiction

Part 4: Technical Risks and Project Quality

So what must investors evaluate when it comes to technical risks and project quality?

Let’s take a look at four different factors.

1. Grade: Reliable Hen Vs. Golden Goose

Once mining starts, studies have to be adapted to reality. A mine needs to have the flexibility and robustness to adjust pre-mine plans to the reality of execution.

A “Golden Goose” will just blunder ahead and result in failure after failure due to lack of flexibility and hoping it will one day produce a golden egg.

Many mining projects can come into operation quickly based on complex and detailed studies of a mineral deposit. However, it requires actual mining to prove these studies.

Some mining projects fail to achieve nameplate tonnes and grade once production begins. However, a team response to varying grades and conditions can still make a mine into a profitable mine or a “Reliable Hen.”

2. Money: Piggy Bank vs. Money Pit

The degree of insight into a mineral deposit and the appropriate density of data to support the understanding is what leads to a piggy bank or money pit.

Making a project decision on poor understanding of the geology and limited information leads to the money pit of just making things work.

Just like compound interest, success across many technical aspects increases revenue exponentially, but it can easily go the other way if not enough data is used to make a decision to put a project into production.

3. Environment: Responsible vs. Reckless

Not all projects are situated in an ideal landscape for mining. There are environmental and social factors to consider. A mining company that takes into account these facts has a higher chance of going into production.

Mineral deposits do not occur in convenient locations and require the disruption of the natural environment. Understanding how a mining project will impact its surroundings goes a long way to see whether the project is viable.

4. Team: Orchestra vs. One-Man Band

Mining is a complex and technical industry that relies on many skilled professionals with clear leadership, not just one person doing all the work.

Geologists, accountants, laborers, engineers, and investor relations officers are just some of the roles that a CEO or management team needs to deliver a profitable mine. A good leader will be the conductor of the varying technical teams allowing each to play their best at the right time.

Mining 101: Mining Valuation and Methods

In order to further consider a mining project’s quality, it is important to understand how the company is valued and how it plans to mine a mineral resource.

Valuation

There are two ways to look at the value of a mining project:

The Discounted Cash Flow method estimates the present value of the cash that will come from a mining project over its life.
In-situ Resource Value is a metric that values all the metal in the ground to give an estimate of the dollar value of those resources.

Mining Method

The location of the ore deposit and the quantity of its grade will determine what mining method a company will choose to extract the valuable ore.

Open-pit mining removes valuable ore that is relatively near the surface of the Earth’s crust using power trucks and shovels to move large volumes of rock. Typically, it is a lower cost mining method, meaning lower grades of ore are economic to mine.
Underground mining occurs when the ore body is too deep to mine profitably by open-pit. In other words, the quality of the orebody is high enough to cover the costs of complex engineering underneath the Earth’s crust.

When Technicals and Quality Align

This is a brief overview of where to begin a technical look at a mining project, but typically helps to form some questions for the average investor to consider.

Everything from the characteristics of an orebody to the actual extraction method will determine whether a project can deliver a healthy return to the investor.