Culture
From Greek to Latin: Visualizing the Evolution of the Alphabet
From Greek to Latin: Visualizing the Evolution of the Alphabet
Over the course of 2021, the Greek alphabet was a major part of the news cycle.
COVID-19 variants, which are labeled with Greek letters when becoming a variant of concern, normalized their usage. From the Alpha variant in the UK, to the Delta variant that spread from India to become the dominant global strain, the Greek alphabet was everywhere. Seemingly overnight, the Omicron variant discovered in South Africa has now taken the mantle as the most discussed variant.
But the Greek alphabet is used in other parts of our lives as well. For example, Greek letters are commonly used in mathematics and science, like Sigma (Σ) denoting a sum or Lambda (λ) used to represent the half-life of radioactive material.
And the study of linguistics shows us why using Greek letters in English isn’t completely farfetched. This visualization from Matt Baker at UsefulCharts.com demonstrates how the modern Latin script used in English evolved from Greek, and other, alphabets.
It’s All Proto-Sinaitic to Me
Before there was English, or Latin, or even Greek, there was Proto-Sinaitic.
Considered the first alphabet ever used, the Proto-Sinaitic script was derived in Canaan, around the biblical Land of Israel. It was repurposed from Egyptian hieroglyphs that were commonly seen in the area (its name comes from Mount Sinai), and used to describe sounds instead of meanings.
Proto-Sinaitic Letter (Reconstructed Name) | Original Meaning |
---|---|
ʾalp | ox |
bayt | house |
gaml | throwstick |
dag | fish |
haw/hillul | praise |
waw/uph | fowl |
zayn/zayt | oxhide ingot/sword |
ḏiqq | manacle |
ḥaṣr | courtyard |
ḫayt | thread |
ṭab | good |
yad | hand |
kap | palm |
lamd | goad |
maym | water |
naḥaš | snake |
ṡamk | peg |
ʿayn | eye |
ġabi | calyx |
pʿit | corner |
ṣaday | plant |
qoba | needle/nape/monkey |
raʾš | head |
šimš | sun |
śadeh | field |
ṯann | bow |
tāw | mark |
As the first Semitic script, Proto-Sinaitic soon influenced other Semitic languages. It was the precursor to the Phoenician alphabet, which was used in the area of modern-day Lebanon and spread across the Mediterranean and became the basis for Arabic, Cyrillic, Hebrew, and of course, Greek.
Evolving into the Greek, Roman, and Latin Alphabets
Over time, the alphabet continued to become adopted and evolve across different languages.
The first forms of the Archaic Greek script are dated circa 750 BCE. Many of the letters remained in Modern Greek, including Alpha, Beta, Delta, and even Omicron, despite first appearing more than 2,500 years ago.
Soon the Greek alphabet (and much of its culture) was borrowed into Latin, with Archaic Latin script appearing circa 500 BCE. The evolution into Roman script, with the same recognizable letters used in modern English, occurred 500 years later in 1 CE.
Alphabet | Usage (Year) |
---|---|
Proto-Sinaitic | ~ 1,750 BCE |
Phoenician | ~ 1,000 BCE |
Archaic Greek | ~ 750 BCE |
Archaic Latin | ~ 500 BCE |
Roman | ~ 1 CE |
Modern Latin | Today |
Many of the letters which first came from Egyptian hieroglyphs made their way into modern English, but they took a long and convoluted journey. As the graphic above highlights, some letters evolved into multiple forms, while others fell out of use entirely.
And this is just a snapshot of the many scripts and languages that the modern English alphabet evolved from. Lowercase letters came from Roman cursive, which evolved into the Insular and Carolingian scripts before becoming modern lowercase English.
Like many things in the long arc of human culture, alphabets are not as far removed from each other as you might think.
Culture
All the World’s Endangered Languages, by Country
Almost half of the world’s approximately 7,000 languages are considered endangered.
Visualizing All the Global Endangered Languages
This was originally posted on our Voronoi app. Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.
Almost half of the world’s approximately 7,000 signed and spoken languages are currently endangered.
This graphic, from Stephen Jones, CEO of Derivation.co, examines the current global landscape of languages that could become extinct.
Almost 90 million Speak Languages at Risk of Extinction
An extinct language is one that no longer has any first-language or second-language speakers.
In modern times, languages have usually become extinct due to cultural assimilation, leading to language shift, and the gradual abandonment of a native language in favor of a foreign language, primarily those of European countries.
For instance, numerous Native American languages were supplanted by English, French, Portuguese, Spanish, or Dutch due to European colonization of the Americas.
Currently, out of the world’s 7,168 living languages, 3,078 (43%) are classified as Endangered. Over 88 million people speak languages at risk of extinction.
Locations | Endangered Languages |
---|---|
🇮🇩 Indonesia | 425 |
🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea | 312 |
🇦🇺 Australia | 190 |
🇺🇸 United States | 180 |
🇨🇳 China | 133 |
🇳🇬 Nigeria | 128 |
🇲🇽 Mexico | 124 |
🇮🇳 India | 114 |
🇧🇷 Brazil | 107 |
🇨🇲 Cameroon | 83 |
🇲🇾 Malaysia | 82 |
🇨🇦 Canada | 66 |
🇳🇵 Nepal | 62 |
🇷🇺 Russian Federation | 62 |
🇻🇺 Vanuatu | 55 |
🇵🇭 Philippines | 48 |
🇵🇪 Peru | 43 |
🇹🇿 Tanzania | 40 |
🇸🇩 Sudan | 39 |
🇨🇴 Colombia | 37 |
🇮🇷 Iran | 36 |
🇨🇩 Democratic Republic of the Congo | 34 |
🇳🇨 New Caledonia | 30 |
🇻🇳 Vietnam | 29 |
🇧🇴 Bolivia | 25 |
🌐 Rest of the world | 594 |
Total | 3078 |
Additionally, 100 of them face the genuine threat of extinction within a few decades if no action is taken.
While every language matters to the individuals speaking, writing, and signing them across the planet, 80% of endangered languages (2,484) exist within just 25 countries.
Of those, the top four countries alone – Indonesia (425), Papua New Guinea (312), Australia (190), and the U.S. (180) – account for well over a thousand endangered languages.
Just as during the colonization period, the majority of endangered languages are spoken in Indigenous communities, putting their inherent culture and knowledge at risk of loss.
Languages, however, can be revitalized.
Over the last 50 years, for example, government support to teach native languages in schools has helped increase the number of speakers of the Māori language in New Zealand, and Hawaiian in the American state.
Advancements in AI are also providing tools to preserve languages.
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