Money
When Polymer Banknotes Were Introduced, by Country (1988–2023)
See this visualization first on the Voronoi app.
Polymer Banknotes Around the World
This was originally posted on our Voronoi app. Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.
Over the past 30 years, countries around the world have embraced polymer banknotes for their durability and security features, displacing their paper forebears in whole or in part.
In this graphic, creator Edit Gyenge charts when and why each country introduced polymer currency, using data from Wikipedia.
Events, Independence, and Culture
Money has served as a platform to commemorate important national and cultural milestones, for as long as humans have been minting coins, and this new form of currency is no different.
Here, Gyenge has classified banknote issues by milestone, including: independence and national sovereignty, historical milestones or anniversaries, sporting events, scientific events, and economic milestones.
See the table below for a list of countries by the year of issue and milestone:
Country | Year of Introduction | Event type |
---|---|---|
🇦🇺 Australia | 1988 | Historical Milestones and Anniversaries |
🇸🇬 Singapore | 1990 | Independence and National Sovereignty |
🇵🇬 Papua New Guinea | 1991 | Sports Events |
🇮🇩 Indonesia | 1993 | Historical Milestones and Anniversaries |
🇰🇼 Kuwait | 1993 | Independence and National Sovereignty |
🇧🇳 Brunei | 1996 | Non-Commermorative |
🇹🇭 Thailand | 1997 | Non-Commermorative |
🇲🇾 Malaysia | 1998 | Sports Events |
🇱🇰 Sri Lanka | 1998 | Independence and National Sovereignty |
🇳🇿 New Zealand | 1999 | Non-Commermorative |
🇷🇴 Romania | 1999 | Scientific and Astronomical Events |
🇹🇼 Taiwan | 1999 | Institutional Anniversaries and Economic Milestones |
🇬🇧 United Kingdom | 1999 | Scientific and Astronomical Events |
🇧🇷 Brazil | 2000 | Historical Milestones and Anniversaries |
🇨🇳 China | 2000 | Scientific and Astronomical Events |
🇧🇩 Bangladesh | 2000 | Non-Commermorative |
🇲🇽 Mexico | 2002 | Non-Commermorative |
🇳🇵 Nepal | 2002 | Historical Milestones and Anniversaries |
🇻🇳 Vietnam | 2003 | Non-Commermorative |
🇬🇹 Guatemala | 2007 | Non-Commermorative |
🇭🇰 Hong Kong | 2007 | Non-Commermorative |
🇳🇬 Nigeria | 2007 | Non-Commermorative |
🇮🇱 Israel | 2008 | Non-Commermorative |
🇼🇸 Samoa | 2008 | Non-Commermorative |
🇳🇮 Nicaragua | 2008 | Non-Commermorative |
🇨🇱 Chile | 2009 | Non-Commermorative |
🇩🇴 Dominican Republic | 2010 | Non-Commermorative |
🇭🇳 Honduras | 2010 | Non-Commermorative |
🇨🇦 Canada | 2011 | Non-Commermorative |
🇲🇿 Mozambique | 2011 | Non-Commermorative |
🇱🇧 Lebanon | 2013 | Independence and National Sovereignty |
🇲🇺 Mauritius | 2013 | Non-Commermorative |
🇨🇻 Cape Verde | 2014 | Non-Commermorative |
🇬🇲 The Gambia | 2014 | Historical Milestones and Anniversaries |
🇲🇷 Mauritania | 2014 | Non-Commermorative |
🇵🇱 Poland | 2014 | Historical Milestones and Anniversaries |
🇹🇹 Trinidad & Tobago | 2014 | Institutional Anniversaries and Economic Milestones |
🇻🇺 Vanuatu | 2014 | Non-Commermorative |
🇲🇻 Maldives | 2015 | Independence and National Sovereignty |
🇧🇼 Botswana | 2018 | Non-Commermorative |
🇲🇰 North Macedonia | 2018 | Non-Commermorative |
🇷🇺 Russia | 2018 | Sports Events |
🇸🇹 São Tomé & Príncipe | 2018 | Non-Commermorative |
🇺🇾 Uruguay | 2018 | Institutional Anniversaries and Economic Milestones |
🇦🇱 Albania | 2019 | Non-Commermorative |
🇱🇾 Libya | 2019 | Historical Milestones and Anniversaries |
🇲🇦 Morocco | 2019 | Historical Milestones and Anniversaries |
🇸🇧 The Solomons | 2019 | Non-Commermorative |
🇦🇴 Angola | 2020 | Non-Commermorative |
🇳🇦 Namibia | 2020 | Independence and National Sovereignty |
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia | 2020 | Non-Commermorative |
🇦🇪 United Arab Emirates | 2021 | Historical Milestones and Anniversaries |
🇦🇪 Barbados | 2022 | Non-Commermorative |
🇪🇬 Egypt | 2022 | Non-Commermorative |
🇵🇭 Philippines | 2022 | Non-Commermorative |
🇯🇲 Jamaica | 2023 | Non-Commermorative |
🇹🇴 Tonga | 2023 | Historical Milestones and Anniversaries |
Australia was the first to introduce polymer banknotes when they replaced their $10 bill in 1988 to celebrate that nation’s bicentennial anniversary. Romania and Mexico were the first nations in Europe and North America to introduce these banknotes in 1999 and 2002, respectively.
A Replacement Currency
Polymer banknotes are more than just a form of national celebration. Their security, durability, and, most importantly, their reduced environmental impact make them a sustainable replacement for paper currency.
Some nations have already made a permanent switch to polymer for all their banknotes. These include Australia, which switched in 1996, New Zealand in 1999, and Romania in 2003.

This article was published as a part of Visual Capitalist's Creator Program, which features data-driven visuals from some of our favorite Creators around the world.
Money
Mapped: Financial Literacy Levels in All 50 U.S. States
Which Americans are the best at managing their money? This financial literacy audit reveals the best and worst.

Mapped: Financial Literacy Levels in All 50 States
This was originally posted on our Voronoi app. Download the app for free on iOS or Android and discover incredible data-driven charts from a variety of trusted sources.
Key Takeaways
- Minnesota is the most financially literate state, scoring 73/100 according to WalletHub’s latest analysis.
- Arkansas scores the worst, with 53/100.
How well are Americans managing their money, and how does it vary between the states?
This financial literacy map attempts to answer both questions using 2025 data from WalletHub, a personal finance services company.
They ranked and scored states on three main benchmarks: financial education, financial planning (or consumer habits), and how Wallethub’s own users performed on their financial literacy survey.
The Most Financially Savvy U.S. State
See this visualization first on the Voronoi app.
Minnesota is the most financially literate U.S. state with 73 points, according to WalletHub’s latest analysis.
Here’s some sub indicators where Minnesota outperformed the rest of the country.
- High-schoolers must take at least one personal finance program.
- Only 15% of the surveyed Minnesotans spent more than they made—the lowest across all states.
- Highest median credit score in the country (751).
And here’s how each state scores out of 100. Figures are rounded.
Rank | State | State Code | Total Score (Out of 100) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Minnesota | MN | 73 |
2 | Colorado | CO | 69 |
3 | Nebraska | NE | 69 |
4 | Virginia | VA | 69 |
5 | Wisconsin | WI | 68 |
6 | New Hampshire | NH | 68 |
7 | Iowa | IA | 67 |
8 | Washington | WA | 67 |
9 | Vermont | VT | 67 |
10 | New Jersey | NJ | 67 |
11 | Maryland | MD | 67 |
12 | Florida | FL | 66 |
13 | Utah | UT | 66 |
14 | Pennsylvania | PA | 65 |
15 | Maine | ME | 65 |
16 | Michigan | MI | 65 |
17 | Oregon | OR | 65 |
18 | North Carolina | NC | 65 |
19 | Ohio | OH | 65 |
20 | Indiana | IN | 65 |
21 | Missouri | MO | 65 |
22 | Arizona | AZ | 64 |
23 | Massachusetts | MA | 64 |
24 | Kansas | KS | 64 |
25 | Connecticut | CT | 64 |
26 | Delaware | DE | 64 |
27 | North Dakota | ND | 64 |
28 | West Virginia | WV | 63 |
29 | Texas | TX | 63 |
30 | Idaho | ID | 63 |
31 | Rhode Island | RI | 63 |
32 | Illinois | IL | 62 |
33 | Georgia | GA | 62 |
34 | Wyoming | WY | 62 |
35 | New York | NY | 61 |
36 | Nevada | NV | 61 |
37 | South Carolina | SC | 61 |
38 | Montana | MT | 60 |
39 | New Mexico | NM | 60 |
40 | Alabama | AL | 60 |
41 | Hawaii | HI | 60 |
42 | District of Columbia | DC | 58 |
43 | California | CA | 58 |
44 | Alaska | AK | 58 |
45 | Louisiana | LA | 58 |
46 | Mississippi | MS | 58 |
47 | Tennessee | TN | 58 |
48 | Kentucky | KY | 57 |
49 | South Dakota | SD | 56 |
50 | Oklahoma | OK | 54 |
51 | Arkansas | AR | 53 |
Meanwhile, Arkansas tested the worst, with 53 points. Its score is impacted by having the second-worst performance on WalletHub’s financial literacy survey.
And here’s each state’s rank within the three main benchmarks.
Rank | State | WalletLiteracy Rank (50% Weight) | Financial Planning Rank (25% Weight) | Financial Knowledge Rank (25% Weight) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Minnesota | 7 | 2 | 3 |
2 | Colorado | 8 | 1 | 20 |
3 | Nebraska | 9 | 25 | 6 |
4 | Virginia | 31 | 9 | 1 |
5 | Wisconsin | 14 | 6 | 14 |
6 | New Hampshire | 4 | 8 | 23 |
7 | Iowa | 10 | 27 | 15 |
8 | Washington | 12 | 3 | 30 |
9 | Vermont | 5 | 20 | 26 |
10 | New Jersey | 15 | 29 | 12 |
11 | Maryland | 13 | 11 | 22 |
12 | Florida | 37 | 16 | 9 |
13 | Utah | 47 | 10 | 2 |
14 | Pennsylvania | 26 | 23 | 17 |
15 | Maine | 1 | 28 | 40 |
16 | Michigan | 22 | 22 | 19 |
17 | Oregon | 46 | 21 | 4 |
18 | North Carolina | 35 | 37 | 8 |
19 | Ohio | 29 | 43 | 7 |
20 | Indiana | 33 | 40 | 10 |
21 | Missouri | 40 | 39 | 5 |
22 | Arizona | 18 | 33 | 25 |
23 | Massachusetts | 20 | 7 | 39 |
24 | Kansas | 11 | 35 | 35 |
25 | Connecticut | 50 | 5 | 11 |
26 | Delaware | 28 | 15 | 29 |
27 | North Dakota | 23 | 13 | 37 |
28 | West Virginia | 25 | 47 | 13 |
29 | Texas | 41 | 38 | 16 |
30 | Idaho | 39 | 19 | 28 |
31 | Rhode Island | 32 | 18 | 34 |
32 | Illinois | 27 | 32 | 33 |
33 | Georgia | 34 | 44 | 21 |
34 | Wyoming | 3 | 30 | 43 |
35 | New York | 24 | 17 | 42 |
36 | Nevada | 45 | 31 | 24 |
37 | South Carolina | 30 | 34 | 41 |
38 | Montana | 2 | 36 | 47 |
39 | New Mexico | 21 | 48 | 36 |
40 | Alabama | 44 | 42 | 27 |
41 | Hawaii | 19 | 12 | 48 |
42 | District of Columbia | 17 | 24 | 49 |
43 | California | 42 | 4 | 46 |
44 | Alaska | 6 | 14 | 51 |
45 | Louisiana | 43 | 49 | 32 |
46 | Mississippi | 36 | 51 | 31 |
47 | Tennessee | 49 | 41 | 38 |
48 | Kentucky | 51 | 45 | 18 |
49 | South Dakota | 16 | 26 | 50 |
50 | Oklahoma | 38 | 50 | 45 |
51 | Arkansas | 48 | 46 | 44 |
There’s some further insights to explain some noticeable geographic trends.
- Colorado and Nebraska also require personal finance education in high school.
- Kentucky, Oklahoma, and Arkansas have the lowest share of adults with emergency cash.
- A higher share of Southern state residents borrow from non-bank lenders, affecting their financial planning score.
The Overlooked Part of Financial Literacy: Managing Debt
While investing in the markets is all the rage—particularly with the rise of no-fee platforms—WalletHub’s benchmarks prioritize an often overlooked part of money management: debt.
America’s credit card debt collectively crossed $1 trillion in 2023, and it’s only been growing since.
On average, American households have about $5,000 in outstanding credit card balances, which can take anywhere between one to two years to pay off depending on monthly incomes.
Of course, managing expenditures to avoid or reduce debt has been particularly difficult in the multiple years of post-pandemic inflation.
Learn More on the Voronoi App 
Need more money management insights about the United States? Check out: America’s Average Bank Account Balance, by State for a quick overview.
-
Misc2 weeks ago
Mapped: The Most Popular Beer in Each U.S. State
-
Money4 weeks ago
The Income Needed to be Middle Class in Every U.S. State (2025)
-
Business4 weeks ago
Mapped: How Much a 24-Pack of Beer Costs in Each U.S. State
-
Maps3 weeks ago
Mapped: Which U.S. States Import the Most from China?
-
Money2 weeks ago
Ranked: Daily Incomes of the Richest and Poorest in 25 Countries
-
Automotive4 weeks ago
Ranked: The Cheapest Car Brands to Own and Maintain in the U.S.
-
Money2 weeks ago
Mapped: The Most Taxed States in America
-
United States3 weeks ago
Mapped: The Best Selling Vehicle in Every U.S. State in 2024