Demographics
Mapped: The World’s Indigenous Peoples
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Mapped: The World’s Indigenous Peoples
Humanity has spread to almost every corner of Earth, and while some peoples have continued to move, others have grown roots in one region.
Generally the term indigenous peoples refers to social or cultural groups with strong ancestral ties to their land of origin. Many times these are tied to ethnicity and still live in their land of origin, but some have been displaced, diluted, or become minorities in their lands.
This map by Bhabna Banerjee uses data from the Indigenous World 2022 report to show the population distribution of the roughly 476 million Indigenous peoples around the world. When 2022 data was unavailable, the latest available data was used.
What Are “Indigenous” Peoples?
Before diving in, it’s important to note that this map and report are based on the United Nations’ approach to indigenous peoples.
Due to the diversity and difficult history experienced by these groups, including countries that don’t recognize indigenous peoples in their lands, there is purposefully no official definition of “indigenous.”
Instead, the UN and other organizations working with indigenous peoples utilize an understanding based on self-determination that includes:
- Self-identification as indigenous peoples at the individual level and accepted by the community.
- Historical continuity with pre-colonial and/or pre-settler societies
- Strong link to territories and surrounding resources
- Distinct social, economic, or political systems
- Distinct language, culture, and beliefs
- Forms non-dominant groups of society
- Resolve to maintain and reproduce their ancestral environments and systems
Because of this, ethnic groups that are indigenous (as a dictionary term) to their lands like the Han people in China, the Turks in Turkey, or the Scots in Scotland were not included in this report.
On the flip side, groups like Greenland’s Inuit were included, because of their long history of colonial control as well as Danish influence.
Indigenous Populations Worldwide
Of all the countries included in the report, China has the highest number of Indigenous, with an estimated population of 125.3 million.
It’s worth noting that the Chinese government does not officially acknowledge the existence of Indigenous peoples. However, they do recognize 55 different ethnic nationalities across the nation, including the Zhuang, Mongolians, and the Hui.
Country | Indigenous Population | Year of Data |
---|---|---|
China | 125,332,335 | 2022 |
India | 104,000,000 | 2022 |
Indonesia | 60,000,000 | 2022 |
Pakistan | 35,000,000 | 2010 |
Mexico | 16,933,283 | 2022 |
Ethiopia | 16,500,000 | 2022 |
Myanmmar | 14,400,000 | 2010 |
Vietnam | 14,100,000 | 2022 |
Algeria | 12,000,000 | 2022 |
Nepal | 10,872,000 | 2022 |
Morocoo | 10,000,000 | 2022 |
Phillippines | 10,000,000 | 2022 |
Kenya | 9,650,000 | 2021 |
Bolivia | 7,000,000 | 2013 |
United States | 6,600,000 | 2022 |
Guatemala | 6,500,000 | 2022 |
Thailand | 6,100,000 | 2022 |
Malaysia | 4,683,000 | 2022 |
Peru | 4,000,000 | 2022 |
Laos | 3,500,000 | 2022 |
Niger | 2,690,000 | 2022 |
Namibia | 2,678,191 | 2022 |
Chile | 2,185,792 | 2022 |
Colombia | 1,905,617 | 2022 |
Canada | 1,673,785 | 2022 |
Iran | 1,617,000 | 2021 |
Bangladesh | 1,586,141 | 2022 |
Japan | 1,400,000 | 2021 |
Mali | 1,200,000 | 2016 |
Uganda | 1,138,239 | 2022 |
Ecuador | 1,100,000 | 2022 |
Cameroon | 1,044,300 | 2022 |
Libya | 1,000,000 | 2022 |
Tunisia | 1,000,000 | 2022 |
Argentina | 955,032 | 2022 |
Brazil | 896,900 | 2022 |
Venzuela | 896,000 | 2022 |
Australia | 881,600 | 2022 |
New Zealand | 775,500 | 2022 |
DRC | 700,000 | 2022 |
Nicaragua | 612,000 | 2022 |
SouthAfrica | 590,000 | 2022 |
Taiwan | 580,758 | 2022 |
Tanzania | 524,246 | 2022 |
Panama | 417,559 | 2022 |
Israel | 300,000 | 2022 |
Russia | 260,000 | 2022 |
Cambodia | 250,000 | 2022 |
French Polynesia | 222,400 | 2022 |
Paraguay | 122,461 | 2022 |
Costa Rica | 104,143 | 2022 |
Guyana | 78,500 | 2022 |
Burundi | 78,071 | 2022 |
Iraq | 78,000 | 2007 |
Botswana | 73,100 | 2022 |
Greenland | 56,523 | 2022 |
Norway | 50,000 | 2021 |
Rep. of Congo | 43,378 | 2022 |
CAR | 39,299 | 2022 |
Jordan | 27,000 | 2021 |
Rwanda | 25,000 | 2022 |
Angola | 24,300 | 2022 |
Suriname | 20,344 | 2022 |
Sweden | 20,000 | 2021 |
Gabon | 16,162 | 2020 |
French Guiana | 10,000 | 2022 |
Finland | 8000 | 2021 |
Zimbabwe | 4533 | 2022 |
Sri Lanka | 1229 | 2012 |
After China, India has the second largest Indigenous populations, with over 700 officially recognized ethnic groups. Many of these are concentrated in the north-eastern region of India, from Rajasthan to West Bengal.
While different countries and territories have varying numbers of Indigenous peoples, one thing remains consistent across the board—on average, the world’s Indigenous populations typically face greater economic and social challenges than their non-Indigenous counterparts.
Disadvantages Faced by Indigenous Peoples
Research by the UN’s International Labour Organization (ILO) found that, while Indigenous peoples make up only 6% of the world’s total population, they account for nearly 20% of the world’s extreme poor.
In addition, Indigenous peoples also have much lower average life expectancies than non-Indigenous people, according to a report by the United Nations.
Some countries and governments around the world are starting to implement laws and policies to support and recognize Indigenous communities, but there’s still work to be done.

This article was published as a part of Visual Capitalist's Creator Program, which features data-driven visuals from some of our favorite Creators around the world.
Misc
Which Countries Have the Most Spanish Speakers?
Mexico is the undisputed leader in Spanish speakers with 132.4 million speakers, more than double the next closest country

Ranked: Countries by Number of Spanish Speakers
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From bustling Madrid to the streets of Mexico City, Spanish echoes across continents as the world’s fourth-most spoken language, as of 2023.
Among United Nations member states and dependencies, Spanish also ranks as one of the most common official languages, surpassed only by English, French, and Arabic
This graphic visualizes the number and share of Spanish speakers in the top 20 countries with the most Spanish speakers, with native speakers and limited proficiency speakers included.
Figures for the number of Spanish speaker and population of Spanish-speaking countries comes from Instituto Cervantes for 2024, and population data used to calculate the share of Spanish speakers for the U.S, EU-27, and the UK come from the U.S. Census Bureau, Eurostat, and UK Office for National Statistics respectively.
Mexico Has Most Spanish Speakers
In the table below, we show the data for the number of Spanish speakers, the 2024 population, and the share of Spanish speakers in 20 countries.
Country/Region | Total Spanish Speakers | Population (2024) | Share of Spanish Speakers |
---|---|---|---|
🇲🇽 Mexico | 132,410,920 | 132,490,415 | 100% |
🇺🇸 United States | 57,253,801 | 341,004,896 | 17% |
🇨🇴 Colombia | 52,695,952 | 52,695,952 | 100% |
🇪🇸 Spain | 48,107,468 | 48,446,594 | 99% |
🇦🇷 Argentina | 46,846,845 | 46,846,845 | 100% |
🇵🇪 Peru | 31,432,455 | 35,371,496 | 89% |
🇻🇪 Venezuela | 29,395,334 | 29,395,334 | 100% |
🇪🇺 European Union (EU-27) | 29,314,000 | 449,200,000 | 7% |
🇨🇱 Chile | 20,086,377 | 20,086,377 | 100% |
🇬🇹 Guatemala | 16,783,081 | 17,843,132 | 94% |
🇪🇨 Ecuador | 16,599,844 | 17,142,254 | 97% |
🇧🇴 Bolivia | 12,171,856 | 12,332,252 | 99% |
🇨🇺 Cuba | 11,080,756 | 11,174,587 | 99% |
🇩🇴 Dominican Republic | 10,792,332 | 10,792,332 | 100% |
🇭🇳 Honduras | 9,892,632 | 9,892,632 | 100% |
🇵🇾 Paraguay | 7,609,446 | 7,656,215 | 99% |
🇳🇮 Nicaragua | 7,143,847 | 7,143,847 | 100% |
🇸🇻 El Salvador | 6,399,471 | 6,399,471 | 100% |
🇨🇷 Costa Rica | 5,309,627 | 5,309,627 | 100% |
🇬🇧 United Kingdom | 5,099,259 | 68,300,000 | 7% |
Mexico is the undisputed leader in Spanish speakers with 132.4 million speakers, more than double the next closest country (U.S. with 57.3 million). While Mexico is home to the most native Spanish speakers, about 6.1% of its population in 2020 cited speaking an Indigenous language.
The U.S. and the UK are home to a significant number of Spanish speakers, reflecting decades of Latin American immigration patterns.
In fact, the U.S. is home to more Spanish speakers than Spain itself, which isn’t much of a surprise given the countries’ population difference.
Despite having a population nearly seven times larger (341 million vs. 48 million), the U.S. only marginally surpasses Spain in total Spanish speakers (57.3 million vs. 48.1 million).
Spanish evolved from Vulgar Latin spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, incorporating influences from Visigothic, Arabic, and local indigenous languages during centuries of migration and conquest.
The language spread to the Americas through Spanish colonization beginning in the late 15th century, when conquistadors and missionaries imposed Spanish as the dominant language.
However, its dominance evolved over time through complex interactions that included both the suppression and absorption of indigenous languages like Nahuatl and Quechua, as well as strategic alliances that helped some languages thrive.
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