Mining
12 Stunning Visualizations of Gold Shows Its Rarity
For the companies exploring for gold, a deposit that has more than one gram of gold for every tonne of earth is an exciting prospect. In fact, in our 2013 report summarizing the world’s gold deposits, we found that the average grade of gold deposits in the world is around that amount: about 1.01 g/t.
Think about that for a moment. One gram (0.035 oz) is equal to the mass of a small paper clip. This small amount of gold is usually not even in one place – it is dispersed through a tonne of rock and dirt in smaller amounts, most of the time invisible to the naked eye. For some companies that have the stars align with easy metallurgy, a deposit near surface, and open pit potential, this gram per tonne deposit may even somehow be economic.
It’s hard to believe that such a small amount of gold could be worth so much, and that is why great visualizations can help us understand the rarity of this yellow metal. Luckily, the folks at Demonocracy.info have done the heavy lifting for us, putting together a series of 3D visualizations of gold bullion bars showcasing the world’s gold that has been mined thus far. Note: these visualizations are a couple of years old and optimistically have the value of gold pegged at US$2,000 per oz, presumably for the ease of calculations.
For those interested, we have also put together a similar slideshow on the topic, showing how much gold, silver, copper, and other metals are mined each year.

Smaller denominations of gold plates: 1 gram, 5 grams, 10 grams, 20 grams, and 1 troy oz of gold.

Larger denominations of gold plates: 50 grams, 100 grams, 250 grams, 500 grams, and 1 kg of gold.

This 400 oz gold bar, at $2,000 per oz gold, is worth the $800,000 cash beside it. The gold bar is extremely heavy, weighing more than three full milk jugs.

Here’s what one tonne of gold looks like. At $2,000 per oz, it’s worth $64.3 million.

Gold is so heavy that the suspension of an average truck would break if it held anymore than pictured above. Even if the truck’s suspension broke, the load of gold in the back could buy 2,660 brand new trucks at an MSRP of $40,000 per truck.

Here’s 10 tonnes of gold compared to 100 tonnes of the yellow metal.

This semi-truck is carrying the maximum load it can legally carry, which is about about 25 tonnes. Here there are 24.88 tonnes of gold, worth $1.6 billion.

The Northrop Grumman B2 Spirit Bomber program cost $44.75 Billion for a total of 21 units built, which averages to $2,130,952,380 per unit. Shown here is the amount of gold it costs to buy one unit.

Here’s the entire gold reserves of the United States government, which is 8,133.5 tonnes.

Here’s the world’s gold reserves by government circa 2012. This is slightly outdated, with China and Russia both having significant increases since then.

All gold mined in history, stacked in 400 oz bars. The 166,500 tonnes here is actually divided into four levels: the bottom level is jewelry (50.5% of all gold), the 2nd level is private investment (18.7%), the third level is world governments (17.4%), and the highest level is other uses for gold such as industry (13.4%).

Lastly, we finish off with an image of all of the world’s mined gold in one cube with dimensions of 20.5m. If it was all melted, it would fit within the confines of an Olympic Swimming Pool.
Want to learn everything you need to know about gold in about 20 minutes? Our five-part Gold Series covers everything from its rich history, supply and geology, demand drivers, investment properties, and market trends.
Mining
Visualizing Asia’s Dominance in the Titanium Supply Chain
The global titanium supply chain is heavily dependent on Asian countries, including China. See where titanium comes from in this infographic.
Asia’s Dominance in the Titanium Supply Chain
Titanium is a unique metal with important applications in defense, aerospace, automotives, and medicine.
But before making it into all its end uses, titanium goes through a complex supply chain that involves both geopolitical and environmental challenges.
This infographic sponsored by IperionX explores the titanium supply chain and highlights the countries that dominate it.
The Stages of Titanium Production
Titanium’s end-to-end production process typically involves five steps:
- Mineral extraction
The minerals ilmenite and rutile are the primary feedstocks for titanium production. These minerals are partly composed of titanium dioxide, which is later refined into titanium metal.
- Sponge metal production
Ilmenite and rutile are refined into titanium sponge using the Kroll refining process. - Ingots and melted products
Titanium sponge is melted into ingots and other melted products. - Mill products
Finished products like bars, sheets, and tubes are manufactured from ingots. This process typically generates large amounts of machining scrap. - Scrap
Scrap or waste accounts for large material losses in the supply chain. The current scrap recirculation rate is less than 70%.
The Kroll process of refining titanium minerals to produce sponge metal is an 80-year-old method that involves high energy use and carbon emissions. It’s also heavily dependent on a few countries, primarily in Asia.
The Titanium Supply Chain
The mineral ilmenite accounts for 90% of all titanium mineral consumption. The other feedstock, rutile, is only mined on a small scale.
Here’s a look at the 10 largest ilmenite and rutile producers in 2021:
| Country | 2021 titanium minerals production (tonnes of titanium dioxide content) | % of Total |
|---|---|---|
| China 🇨🇳 | 3,400,000 | 36% |
| Mozambique 🇲🇿 | 1,108,000 | 12% |
| South Africa 🇿🇦 | 995,000 | 10% |
| Australia 🇦🇺 | 790,000 | 8% |
| Canada 🇨🇦 | 430,000 | 5% |
| Norway 🇳🇴 | 468,000 | 5% |
| Ukraine 🇺🇦 | 411,000 | 4% |
| Senegal 🇸🇳 | 491,000 | 5% |
| Madagascar 🇲🇬 | 414,000 | 4% |
| Kenya 🇰🇪 | 253,000 | 3% |
| Other 🌍 | 740,000 | 8% |
| Total (rounded) | 9,500,000 | 100% |
China takes up the lion’s share of titanium mineral production at 36%. It produces three times as much of the minerals as Mozambique, the second-largest producer. Meanwhile, the U.S. is grouped with other countries with just 100,000 tonnes in annual production.
Besides titanium mineral extraction, China also dominates the next stage of the supply chain with 57% of global titanium sponge production:
| Country | Titanium sponge production (tonnes) | % of Total |
|---|---|---|
| China 🇨🇳 | 120,000 | 57% |
| Japan 🇯🇵 | 35,000 | 17% |
| Russia 🇷🇺 | 27,000 | 13% |
| Kazakhstan 🇰🇿 | 16,000 | 8% |
| Ukraine 🇺🇦 | 5,400 | 3% |
| Saudi Arabia 🇸🇦 | 3,700 | 2% |
| U.S.* 🇺🇸 | 500 | 0.20% |
| India 🇮🇳 | 250 | 0.10% |
| Total (rounded) | 210,000 | 100% |
*Represents production capacity for high purity specialty sponge, not available for commercial applications.
Between 2011 and 2021, China expanded its titanium sponge production capacity by 55%. Over the same period, U.S. production capacity almost declined completely, down 98%.
As a result of the lack of domestic production, the U.S. is now heavily reliant on foreign sources of titanium.
Short Supply: Titanium in the U.S.
Around 90% of U.S. titanium consumption is met by net imports, with most of it coming from Japan.
The U.S. uses titanium metal in various sectors, including defense, aerospace, electronics, and transport. With the demand for titanium projected to grow, a domestic titanium supply chain can help the U.S. become independent of imports.
IperionX is a U.S. metals technology company focused on developing the world’s first 100% recycled, low-cost, low-carbon titanium supply chain.
>>>Interested in learning more about IperionX’s titanium production technology? Click here to learn more now.
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